Doctor Komarovsky. What can a newborn “do”? Child from birth to one year: stages of development by month Doctor child development by month

So, there is a happy event in your family - a child was born. From now on, he has a long way to go from a tiny lump to an almost conscious one-year-old baby. No matter how fast he develops, he will learn a lot in the first 12 months and will never learn everything at that speed again. (the baby learns to observe others, smile, coo, roll over, sit on his butt, walk, play and much, much more...). It is not always clear to young mothers whether the baby has problems in development or, on the contrary, it is advancing ahead of schedule. Purpose of the article— tell what changes happen to your child in each of the 12 months of his first year, what the baby learns in the first year of his life and how he perceives the world around him.

Each baby, just like an adult, is individual and each child develops individually, but something common in the development of newborn children occurs in the same way.

Monthly development calendar

First month

A difficult month for young mothers. The first month of a newborn’s life is usually called the adaptation period. Almost 70% of the time he sleeps. Sleep is very important for a baby. In a dream he grows ( On average, in the first month a child grows 2-3 cm.), and the body gets used to the new environment. During wakefulness, he randomly waves his arms clenched into fists and legs bent at the knee. Towards the end of the first month, the child is already able to hold his head briefly, focus his gaze on bright toys, the faces of adults, make vowel sounds and listen to the conversation of others.

Pediatricians consider it important to attach the baby to the mother's breast in the first two hours of life. They believe that at this time “emotional contact” is created between the baby and mother. This is when the mother begins to feel the baby from a distance, his feelings, needs.

Nutrition is very important during this period of a child’s life. On average, in the first month a child gains about 600-700 grams of weight. Under no circumstances should you rush your child during feeding. After all, when he feeds on his mother’s milk, he also enjoys the warmth and care of his mother at that moment.

At birth, a child has innate reflexes, thanks to which he adapts to the environment. But during the first months of life, some of them disappear. These reflexes include the reflex:

• Sucking (touching the tongue on an object);
• Swimming (if you put his stomach on the water, he will make swimming movements);
• Grasping (touching his hand, he squeezes it into a fist);
• Search (search for mother's breast);
• Walking reflex (if you hold a child, he begins to move his legs as if he were walking) and many others.

The following reflexes remain with the child throughout his life: blinking, sneezing, yawning, flinching, etc.

It is by reflexes that pediatricians and child psychologists determine the condition and development of the child’s nervous system. .

And mothers in the first month of a child’s life need to surround him not only with warmth, care, safety, but also to accustom him to the day-night regime by the end of the first month.

In the first two weeks, do not forget to treat your baby’s umbilical wound ().

• Weight gain is approximately 600-700 grams, height gain is 2-3 cm.
• Eats every 2 hours, at night on average 3-5 times.
• Sleeps a lot, stays awake 2-4 hours a day.
• Actions are still reflexive.
• The movements are chaotic, the fists are clenched.
• When a child lies on his stomach, he tries to raise his head.
• The main way of communicating with the world is crying. This is how the child makes it clear that he is hungry, that he has a wet diaper, that something hurts, or that he just wants attention. The child may whine or grunt, which is how he also tells his mother about discomfort.
• Able to fix his gaze on stationary objects for some time - his mother’s face or a hanging toy.
• Reacts to loud and sharp sounds - bells, toys, bells. He may listen, shudder and even cry.
• Recognizes mother's voice and smell and reacts to them.
• If you communicate with the child all the time, then by the end of 1 month his own “speech” will begin to appear - humming, or cooing.

Second month

The second month of a child’s development can be called a period of “revival”. During this period, he not only looks at your face, but can also discern your emotional state. Are you smiling at him or, on the contrary, are you angry, calm or sad? And when you approach his crib, the baby begins to wave his arms and legs chaotically. In the second month of life, the child holds his head more confidently. Towards the end of the second month, the child should gain 800 grams in weight, and his height should increase by another 3 cm.

• He grew by 3 cm, the weight gain ranged from 700 g to 1 kg.
• Becomes more active - stays awake for an average of 15-20 minutes per hour. May confuse day with night and want to play and communicate when parents are sleeping.
• Able to lift and hold the head for a short time.
• He spreads his arms to the sides, turns over from his side to his back.
• He actively hums, as if singing the sounds “a”, “o”, “u”, combinations of “aha”, “agu”, “bu”.
• Demonstrates a “revitalization complex.” It manifests itself in a wide smile, stretching out arms and legs to mother and actively moving them, humming.
• Soothes during sucking and in hands.
• He can follow an object with his gaze, carefully monitor approaching or receding objects, and turn his head towards the source of sound.
• Coordination of movements improves. The child can spread his limbs to the sides, he has already found his hands and explores them with pleasure - examining them, sucking his fingers.
• The hands are clenched into fists, but you can straighten the baby’s palms and put a rattle there, he will try to hold it.
• The first attempts to reach the object appear.
• Vision improves, the child begins to distinguish colors, and the first understanding appears that the world is full of colors.
• The newborn's reflexes fade.

Third month

By the third month, the baby holds his head more confidently. Can rest on his forearms if placed on his tummy. It is important to turn him over on his tummy more often during this period, this will help him get rid of the gases that have formed in the stomach and help strengthen the muscles of his neck and back. And also do not let him lie on his side for a long time, this can lead to curvature of the spine.

During this period, the child looks more intently at bright toys. Can talk to himself, make not only single vowel sounds, but also consonants. Becomes more curious about the things and events around him. He himself sticks the pacifier out of his mouth, and then tries to put it back.

By the end of the third month, the child should gain about 800 grams in weight and 3 cm in height. The period between sleep can be 1-1.5 hours. Be sure to surround him with care and warmth. Talk to him more often, hug him, kiss him, take him in your arms and walk around the room with him.

• Height - increase 3-3.5 cm. Weight - increase 750 g.
• Night sleep lengthens, daytime sleep shortens.
• Lying on his stomach, the child holds his head for 20-25 seconds, in an upright position for up to 15 seconds, and easily turns it in different directions.
• He turns to one side from his back and tries to lean on his elbows when lying on his stomach.
• Smiles, recognizes loved ones, hums, “sings” during communication.
• Becomes more emotional, knows how to laugh out loud, and parodies the facial expressions of his parents.
• Knows how to scream and cry to express dissatisfaction and demand attention. Observant parents may even notice the first manifestations of their baby's character.
• Easily recognizes light and sound sources.
• If the mother holds the child above a hard surface, he pushes off from the support and, as it were, “bounces” and kicks his legs.
• The palms are already straightened, the baby pulls his hands towards the offered toy and tries to grab it, tries to hit the rattle located above him. He will definitely put a toy in his hands and put it in his mouth.
• The baby has already found his legs and is trying to explore his face with his hands.
• Movements generally become voluntary.

Fourth month

By the fourth month, the baby can confidently hold his head up. Reacts and turns around to sound. Lying on his tummy, he can lean on his arms and straighten them. Can independently reach for a toy, grab it, examine it closely, and taste it. Identify your mother from other people.

• Height + 2.5 cm, weight + 700 g.
• Rolls over from back to stomach, holds his head well and turns it to the sides, confidently supports his body on his elbows when lying on his stomach.
• Makes the first attempts to sit up, raises the upper body.
• Crawling on his stomach in a crib or on a rug.
• Voluntarily grabs and holds a toy with one or two hands, tastes it.
• The child gets his favorite toys.
• Makes the first conscious manipulations with objects: knocking, throwing.
• Supports breast or bottle when feeding.
• The babbling gradually begins to be replaced by babbling, the first syllables appear - “ma”, “ba”, “pa”.
• Fixes gaze and closely follows moving objects.
• He looks at his reflection in the mirror.
• When communicating, the child gives preference to his mother and is capricious, even if she has left only for a short time.
• Distinguishes between friends and strangers, actively smiles, laughs, and can even squeal with delight.
• Reacts to music - calms down when he hears it and listens carefully.
• Reacts when his name is spoken.

Fifth month

This is a new leap in the development of your child. During this period, he can already roll over on his own. Some people at this age try to sit on their butts. Crawling on the floor or crib tummy. They are trying to get to their feet. It is very important to hold the baby by the armpits and teach him to walk. In order to train the leg muscles and relieve him in the future from flat feet and “bouncing” while walking. The child can already clearly identify people close to him from strangers. He makes sounds more confidently, although not yet consciously. Teach him to pronounce the simplest words, such as dad, mom, grandpa, grandma. On average, in the fifth month your child will gain about 2.5 cm in height and about 700 grams in weight.

• Height +2.5, weight + 700 g.
• He knows how to roll over from his back to his stomach and back, rests on his palms, confidently holds his head in an upright position, and looks around.
• Can sit with support for some time.
• An important sign of normal development of the nervous system is the distinction between friends and strangers. A child may be wary when a stranger appears, will be reluctant to go into his arms, may get scared and cry loudly. He prefers to be in his parents' arms.
• He himself encourages parents to communicate, reaches out to his mother, smiles, babbles, pronounces the first syllables. If there is not enough communication, the child becomes capricious.
• Willingly plays with objects - pulls them towards him, throws them, knocks, licks them.
• Plays while eating.
• Some children suck their toes.
• He looks at the faces in the pictures with interest.
• Most children are starting to teethe.

Sixth month

At this age, the child can already distinguish his name from another name. He can sit on his butt without help, although he still cannot squat on his own. Confidently holds toys in his hands, transfers them from one hand to another. Lying on his tummy, he can pull up his legs and try to get on all fours. Learns to pronounce individual syllables: pa-pa, ma-ma.

Note to moms!

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Many people at this age begin to feed their child a variety of foods. Just try not to give him salty and sweet foods, because... the kidneys and intestines are not yet developed enough for this. Consult your doctor about what foods you can give your baby at this age.

• Height +2.5 cm, weight +700g.
• Sits independently and sits for a while.
• He crawls “on his bellies” and is able to crawl to a toy lying 10-20 cm from him.
• Gets on all fours and rocks back and forth. This is an important indicator - this is how the child prepares for full crawling.
• Tilts and turns in different directions.
• Drinks from a mug if you hold it, plays with food.
• Picks up fallen objects, moves a toy from hand to hand or from one box to another.
• He studies with interest and can break surrounding objects.
• Simple cause-and-effect relationships are formed: pushed an object - it fell, pressed a button - the music turned on.
• He looks at the large object that his mother is talking about.
• The child is very emotional, his mood constantly changes, he screams when he is dissatisfied and laughs loudly when they play with him.
• Enjoys playing peek-a-boo and can clap his hands.
• Listens attentively to human speech and reproduces sounds and syllables, actively babbles. The consonants “z”, “s”, “v”, “f” appear.

Seventh month

By the seventh month, the child already becomes restless. He can easily roll on his own from his back to his tummy or to his side. He distinguishes objects and if you ask him, for example, to say where the watch is, he will turn his head a little to the sides and show it. With the help of others, he can walk and crawl independently, mainly backwards. He hits toys against each other, throws them and watches with concentration as they fall to the floor or hit the wall, often smiling at the same time.

Children at this age love to swim, as they already sit confidently and can play with toys. Therefore, it is necessary to accustom him to bathing during this period. Tell what part of the body is called what and then ask him to show and name them. So that he remembers what they are called.

In terms of diet, it will be useful to give a child at this age some cottage cheese and meat to replenish the supply of calcium in the body, for its further growth and to speed up the process of teething. Potassium, for normal heart function and protein, for muscle growth.

At this age, try to keep the floor, toys, and objects that the child can grab clean. Because at this age he will taste them, i.e. Everything he comes across will be shoved into his mouth.

By the end of the seventh month, the child should gain an average of about 550-600 grams in weight and 2 cm in height.

• Height +2 cm, weight + 600 g.
• Sits confidently, holds his back straight, sometimes leans on his hand.
• The skill of crawling appears or improves; some children crawl backwards.
• Removes food from spoon, drinks from a mug with support.
• He stands at the support himself and is able to stand for some time.
• He loves to “walk” when his mother supports him under the arms or by the arms.
• Grasping movements are improved and fine motor skills of the hands develop. The child is delighted with finger games - “Magpie-Crow”, “Ladushki”.
• He enjoys studying the properties of surrounding objects: knocking them, shaking them, throwing them on the floor, disassembling them, breaking them, putting them in his mouth. Can hold a toy in each hand and bang them together.
• Shows where his eyes, nose, mouth, ears are, examines himself with his hands and mouth.
• Begins to copy the behavior of adults.
• Actively babbles, sings the sounds “ta”, “da”, “ma”, “na”, “ba”, “pa”, onomatopoeia “av-av”, “kva-kva” and others appear.
• He enjoys looking at pictures in books and flipping through the pages.
• Determines by tone of voice what “no” means.

Eighth month

At this age, the main thing is not to leave one child alone at the top. Since he can already move independently and sit down. Looks at new toys with interest. Can identify mom and dad from strangers from photographs. Can understand the game “okay” or the well-known “peek-a-boo”. If you ask him to wave his hand, he will wave it at you with pleasure. A little begins to understand what is being asked of him. Tries to eat on his own.

• Height +2 cm, weight +600 g.
• He is very attached to his mother, even a short separation is very painful, and is wary of strangers.
• He sits, stands up, walks with side steps at the support and forward, holding hands.
• Moves freely in familiar spaces.
• Can carry out simple tasks - bring, show.
• Actions with objects become correlative: the child covers the jars with lids, strings the rings of the pyramid.
• The range of emotions expands, you can notice dissatisfaction, surprise, joy, delight, perseverance.
• The first conscious words appear - “mom”, “dad”, “give”.
• The vocabulary is actively growing, new babbling sounds and words are constantly appearing.
• He loves to listen to music, dance to it, clap his hands and stomp his feet.

Ninth month

By grabbing onto a nearby chair, sofa or playpen, the child can get up and move independently, holding on to them. He falls, cries and gets back up. During this period, the child learns to walk independently. Likes to repeat words after adults, or rather syllables. Can already drink from a cup held by an adult.

• Height +2 cm, weight +600 g.
• Gets up from a sitting position, sits down from a lying position, stands and walks with support. Tries to climb onto the sofa, chair, armchair, and open drawers.
• Unfolds while crawling.
• Knows where to put toys and where mom put this or that item away. He wants to get everything that surrounds him.
• He actively shows emotions towards his parents - he is dissatisfied and breaks out when his mother cleans his ears or cuts his nails, he gets scared if he has lost sight of his mother.
• Tries to manipulate adults by screaming and crying.
• He tries to eat himself with a spoon and shows his first independence in dressing.
• Fine motor skills are improved - the child can pick up small objects and put his fingers into holes. He can crush a piece of plasticine and tear paper.
• Remembers the names of objects and can show them.
• Repeats the actions of adults and can carry out some instructions. Likes to do everything in public, repeats the action if asked.
• Knows the meaning of the words “lie down”, “give”, “go”, “sit”.
• Speech is actively developing. The child’s own “language” is formed, understandable only to close people.

Tenth month

At this age, the child imitates adults and animals with his movements. Can play with toys independently and confidently holds them in his hands. He can leaf through books with his fingers. With the help of adults, he can play with other children. He understands when he is told “no”.

• Height +1 cm, weight +350 g.
• Sits from a standing position, quickly crawls, can stand without support and tries to walk.
• Loves to dance, stomp, clap.
• Small finger movements become more perfect, the child holds two or three small objects in one hand.
• Performs complex actions: opens and closes, hides, takes away.
• Repeats movements and reproduces facial expressions of adults.
• Uses mostly one hand.
• He understands what needs to be done with objects - he rolls a car, pushes a tumbler, assembles a pyramid, builds towers from two or three cubes.
• Likes to put objects into each other, drag them from place to place.
• More interested in small objects than large ones.
• Finds logical connections - for example, he can move a car with a stick or a slipper.
• He can show parts of his face, his mother’s, or a doll’s.
• Can pronounce the names of surrounding objects and animals.

Eleventh month

This is practically an “adult child”. He moves independently with support, sits, crawls, and stands up. Understands simple requests. Can name most objects. He is learning to pronounce his first words, albeit with intonation for now.

• Height +1 cm, weight +350 g.
• Moves actively, sits, stands up, lies down, can walk a short distance without support.
• Tries to show independence - eats with a spoon, drinks from a mug, puts on socks and shoes.
• He reacts very vividly to a new toy, to an unfamiliar environment, to strangers.
• Understands strict speech. He knows what “impossible” is, understands from his mother’s reaction whether he did good or bad.
• Loves praise.
• He babbles a lot and communicates in his own “language”, clearly says the words “mom”, “dad”, “baba”.
• Uses different means of expressing his desires, except for crying - he points his finger, moves his gaze.
• Waves goodbye.
• Nods affirmatively or shakes his head negatively.
• Loves musical toys and bright illustrations in books.
• Grabs beads or beans with index finger and thumb.

Twelfth month

At almost one year of age, in most cases, the child already begins to walk independently without support and stand. They actively participate in the process of feeding, bathing and dressing. Shows feeling care for toys. Feeds them and puts them to bed. Repeats sounds he hears on the street, on TV or at home. Begins to pronounce the first words. True, these words are not always clear to everyone. But those who listen carefully to the child will understand them.

• Height +1 cm, weight +350 g.
• Stands, gets up from a squatting position, walks independently.
• Steps over obstacles and crouches to pick up an object from the floor.
• Actively participates in everything that concerns him - dressing, washing hands, brushing teeth.
• Uses a spoon, drinks from a mug, and knows how to chew solid food.
• Food addictions are clearly manifested - the baby does not eat if he does not like the food.
• Needs parents and is attached to his toys. The absence of mom or dad is painful.
• Assembles and disassembles toys; if you need to free your hand, you put the object under your arm or in your mouth.
• Knows how to use objects - a telephone, a hammer, a broom.
• Looks for an object, even if he did not see where it was placed.
• He understands everything that is said to him.
• He talks about his desires - “give”, “na”, calls mom, dad, grandma. A child’s vocabulary per year is 10-15 words.

All the above indicators are conditional. The development of a child depends on many factors - heredity, living conditions, and social environment. Get joy from communicating with your baby, praise him for his successes and don’t be upset if he hasn’t learned something yet. Everything has its time. Your child is the best, and it is in your power to help him become a harmonious, developed little person.

Summarized:

The development of a child in one year is very rapid. In just 365 days, a child turns from a tiny person who can’t do anything and doesn’t know anything into a reasonable one. At 1 year old, he can already walk, sit down, stand up, eat, drink, play, speak, feel and understand on his own. The main thing is to protect the child with care and love at this time. Never swear in front of your child. Even though he is small, he still feels and understands everything. Raise your children healthy, smart and strong!

Height and weight gain chart

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Film: Child development by month - a calendar of the physical and mental development of a baby up to one year old

You can immediately go to the desired month and study detailed articles:

Some parents focus on a special development calendar, but given the characteristics of each baby, it is impossible to say with certainty what changes the mother may notice at one time or another in his life. As everyone’s favorite pediatrician says, the main task of a baby up to 4 months should be sleep and nutrition, so parents must create all the conditions so that their child has the correct daily routine.

Dr. Komarovsky always reminds those parents who carefully study the development calendar of children in the first year of life that it was created only so that young parents have an idea and the opportunity to get acquainted with general information about how to reach a child after birth and up to 1 year. But if the baby is slightly behind the calendar development, this does not mean at all that the baby has any problems. All children are special, so if the neighbor's boy started at nine months, and your baby is only 11 months old, there is nothing to worry about. The doctor believes that some steps in the baby’s development are provided for by nature itself, and other achievements of the baby are determined individually by the child himself, so you should not worry about the fact that the baby does not always fit into the calendar norms. Each child masters developmental milestones differently.

What difficulties await parents in the first 12 months?

Immediately after the birth of a child, new parents have a lot to learn. They must realize and accept full responsibility for the child, create all conditions for his healthy growth and development. Everyday responsibilities, first failures, worries and worries, joy and fatigue, these are the moments that all mothers and fathers face. In order to properly care for a child and learn to recognize the baby’s needs, you need to know the generally accepted indicators and norms of the first year of life. Perhaps one of the most important moments after the birth of a baby in the family is his nutrition. If a woman is breastfeeding, there are no special problems, but in cases where for some reason breastfeeding is impossible, it is very important to choose the right formula for the newborn, on which both the child’s well-being and his sleep will depend. Basically, until 3 months, the baby only sleeps and eats, and feeding should be done every 3 hours. Equally important in the first days and months after discharge from the hospital is caring for the umbilical wound, as well as regular and daily bathing before evening sleep.

Immediately after birth, the child begins to develop a number of reflexes that help him adapt to his new life. Parents can receive advice on proper child care from both a local pediatrician and a visiting nurse who regularly visits the baby at home.

From the moment of birth, the child gradually begins to explore the world. Parents notice how he fixes his gaze, begins to distinguish his mother from other family members, and often smiles. Komarovsky believes that during the first 12 months a child is characterized by rapid and comprehensive development. During this period, the baby’s brain function improves and the nervous system is fully formed. Starting from 5-6 months, the baby becomes more active, he tries to sit up on his own, crawl, and by the end of the year he even takes his first steps, understands speech, and utters his first words.

A newborn child has a close connection with his mother, which begins during the period of intrauterine development. The baby’s needs, as well as his skills, change every month, or even day, so in pediatrics it is customary to consider the first year of life quarterly or monthly.

First month

It is generally accepted that the first month after birth is the most difficult for parents. Despite the fact that the child sleeps more time, parents need to get used to new responsibilities. At 1 month, the baby’s movements are still poorly coordinated, but he can already clench his fingers and actively move his legs and arms. The child is fed for three hours, and parents must also care for the umbilical wound, treat it with brilliant green or other antiseptic. To bathe a baby, pediatricians recommend using light herbal decoctions, and the water itself for hygiene procedures should be boiled and have a temperature of at least 35 degrees. By the end of the first month of life, the child is able to fix his gaze on bright toys or a person’s face, and reacts to loud sounds.

At 1 month after birth, the newborn develops reflexes, grasping, sucking reflex, as well as the reflex of support, walking, crawling, which will be useful to him in the future. Newborns sleep most of the day and night, and wake up only when they feel hungry or if something bothers them. Starting from this period, babies often have colic, which occurs as a result of the fact that the digestive system does not produce all enzymes. Colic is not an intestinal disease, but parents will still have to buy special drops: Hilak or Espumisan, which will help the intestines better digest breast milk or formula.

Second month

In the second month, the newborn becomes more active, has better control of his arms and legs, brings his fists to his mouth, and smiles often. During this period, parents have already become accustomed to the regime and understand well the child’s displeasure and desires. A two-month-old baby reacts to bright objects. Parents don't need to be scared when they notice that their baby's eyes are slightly squinting. This is due to the fact that the muscles of the eyes and face are not yet fully developed.

Third month

In the third month of a child’s life, his musculoskeletal system and nervous system are improving. The child can fully straighten his legs while lying on his stomach and raise his head. Parents need to be extremely careful when handling the baby, since his bones are still too fragile, and tight swaddling or improper fit can cause bone deformation. During this period, the child himself reaches out to toys, distinguishes his mother’s voice well, often smiles and shows his character. For example, if the mother sings a lullaby and stops, he may cry, but when he continues singing, he calms down again.

The development calendar has 3 months, children sleep much less, eat on demand, but no more than 5 - 6 times a day. During this period, the baby is very interested in his body, he can play with his hands, “Google”, and often smiles, which brings imperceptible joy to his parents.

Fourth month

At the 4th month of life, pronounced changes occur in the child’s development; he can lie awake for more than 2 hours and constantly requires the attention of his parents. The baby can roll over from his back to his stomach or vice versa, distinguishes tastes, and hears the sounds around him well. During this period, the child becomes very interesting, his facial features acquire a clearer appearance, his body movements are clear and collected. During this period, the baby distinguishes odors, nails and hair grow more actively. The child’s eyes move more coordinated and synchronously, and the squint that was present at 2 months disappears. If you hold a mirror up to a child’s face, he can look at his image in it and even smile to himself. The child also begins to make the first clear sounds and constantly attracts and demands the attention of adults.

Fifth month

The fifth month from birth is one of the main periods, since it is at this time that parents should carefully consider what their child can do. At this stage, the child should be able to independently roll over from his stomach to his back and vice versa, confidently hold different objects in his hand, and distinguish between family and strangers. A five-month-old child should be able to pick up a toy that has fallen near him. During this period, some children have their first teeth and increased salivation. As teething occurs, the child may become capricious and there is a risk of fever. At this age, the baby is more flexible, so parents should not leave him unattended on the sofa, in a stroller or changing table, as he may roll onto the floor and get injured.

Sixth month

The calendar for the 6th month of development says that during this period the baby should roll over independently, sit down, pick up fallen objects, sit and crawl. During this period, parents have the opportunity to hear the syllables “ma”, “ba”, “pa” for the first time. Starting from this age, adults should make sure that the child is surrounded only by safe objects, since he is interested in everything around him. Starting from 6 months of age, mother introduces complementary foods. The baby's menu is becoming more varied.

Seventh month

A child in the 7th month of life often utters simple words - “give”, “mom”, “dad”, and repeats the sounds around him. Most children at this age sit confidently, crawl, and can slide off the sofa onto the floor. The baby loves to explore the objects around him and taste everything, and when he gets the desired thing, he begins to rejoice. Almost all babies have their first two upper teeth appearing in the 7th month. Some children may start teething much earlier or later.

Eighth month

At the 8th month, the baby should sit confidently, push off the floor with his feet, and begin to take his first steps, holding onto furniture or the hands of an adult. At this stage, parents can prepare for the appearance of the first bumps and bruises. The child’s speech is clearer, he understands his mother’s prohibitions well, although he does not always obey. At this age, the child can eat soft foods.

Ninth month

The child development calendar assures that a baby at 9 months can independently climb onto a chair, open drawers and examine their contents. A child of this age understands some of his mother’s words well, but always strives to repeat them. Some children take their first steps and crawl very quickly. If a child at 9 months does not stand firmly on his legs, but at the same time pushes off with them while lying or sitting, it’s okay, maybe it’s too early for him.

Tenth month

At ten months, the baby can move freely around the room, crawling or on all fours, often smiles, pleases parents with new words, and often tries to copy adults. At this age, the child is more interested in small and bright objects, which he will definitely pull into his mouth. Some children at this stage of growth begin to take their first steps without assistance.

Eleventh month

An 11-month-old child understands well what adults are talking about, he can distinguish his mother’s mood. The baby skillfully copies voices and speaks a lot, although the speech is not always understandable to others, but the mother understands it well. During this period, the child can independently and confidently crawl out of bed and play with toys. At 11 months, doctors recommend that parents buy bright and educational toys: blocks, construction sets. A child at 11 months should not eat from a bottle or get carried away with a pacifier; parents should teach him to use a spoon, plate and mug. Some children have more than 6 teeth present at 11 months, while others are just beginning to emerge.

Twelfth month

When a child is 12 months old, he should be able to do a lot. By this point, many children are already able to stand well and firmly on their feet and move independently. If the child is not yet walking on his own by this stage, parents should not worry. Many children take their first steps after one year. A one-year-old baby can already speak in short sentences and understands his mother and her mood well. During this period, children like to listen to their mother and look at colorful pictures. Parents should pay special attention to their kids; they can buy educational games. Adults need to be extremely careful, because during this period the child may pick up various objects on the street and taste them. Dr. Komarovsky recommends that parents, from the age of 1, speak to their child in simple literary language, without baby talk. This will help him pronounce words correctly in the future. Adults should remember that a one-year-old child often copies his parents, like a “sponge” absorbs all words and reacts to a cry, so adults should in some cases be careful in their statements and not set a bad example for a small family member.

Parents must remember that the first year of a child’s life is the most important period, since it is during the 12 months that the formation of the baby’s character, skills and habits occurs. Adults must make every effort to ensure that the baby develops correctly, pay him as much attention as possible, and constantly give him tenderness, love and affection.

Features of the first year of a child’s life

In the first 12 months of a baby's life, the baby learns to crawl, sit, talk, smile and walk. Parents always rejoice at any achievement of their child and pay maximum attention to him so that he grows and develops in good conditions. Many parents study various literature on the development of the baby, monitor the development calendar and are very worried when their baby does not keep up with the indicators that are written in the books. Dr. Komarovsky repeatedly states that such calendars are intended only so that parents have an imagination about the development of the baby. He always says that no two children are the same and if a child is slightly behind in the book, there should be no reason to worry. If, nevertheless, parents are worried about something in the development of their child, they should not torment themselves with doubts, do not look for an answer on the Internet, it is better to seek advice from a local pediatrician who has been caring for the child since birth.

Doctor Komarovsky has already become a kind of idol among young parents. His advice is listened to by everyone who has watched the program at least once, read a book or visited the website. Komarovsky also talks in great detail about children under one year old, because this period is considered one of the most important in the development of a child.

In these first months of his life, the child gradually gets used to being apart from his mother. Then the first complex arises - fear. The baby is still afraid of strangers and begins to cry if he sees that mom or dad are not around.

It may seem early to some, but at this time the baby is forming a model of attitude towards close people. It is these first models that are practically impossible to remake in the future. Therefore, parents should be aware of the importance of proper upbringing from birth.

Komarovsky: children under one year old

So, childbirth ends the long wait for the baby and speaks of the beginning of development outside the mother’s body and the transition to independent existence. At this moment, the physical and mental development of the child is determined. This year he will make a big leap: from making the first sounds to the appearance of steps.

Development during this period is very intensive, weight increases almost threefold, and height increases by 22-26 cm. The first teeth appear.

The constantly sleeping baby gradually grows into a curious little person who is trying to explore this huge world, mastering more and more skills.

Moderate physical activity contributes to normal mental development, and vice versa, harmonious mental development allows the baby’s motor functions to develop in the right direction. At this time, physiological processes are regulated at the level of reflexes.

Therefore, if something goes wrong with a child, he will immediately tell you about it in the most accessible way - by crying. The environment also plays a role in the motor and mental development of children under one year old.

Komarovsky: your child from birth to one year

0-3 month. The baby learns to hold his head correctly, follows the bright objects that are or flash before his eyes. He recognizes the adults who are caring for him, his first smile appears, he tries to walk. He tries to hold on to the toys that are given to him, looking for sources of sounds. The newborn's reflexes gradually subside and disappear.

3–6 month. The baby begins to roll over from his stomach to his back and back. He begins to grab toys and tries to quickly pull them into his mouth. Sometimes you can hear quite loud laughter and individual syllables. By 6 months, the child tries to sit up independently and even crawl. When adults support him, he already stands confidently on his feet and usually babbles something. Gradually introduce complementary foods.

6–9 months. The baby already sits very confidently, has almost mastered crawling, and in some cases walks independently by the end of this period. He quickly responds to the request “give”, and he perceives speech better and better. Well-developed fine motor skills allow the child to grasp small objects using the thumb and index finger ("pincer grasp"). It's easy to tear the paper and scatter the toys! Parents are increasingly hearing their baby’s first words: “mom,” “dad,” and even some animal names.

9–12 months. In the last three months of the first year of life, the baby takes its first steps. Everything around you is of greater interest. The baby does not miss an unfamiliar object; there is an increased attraction to the contents of cabinets and shelves, because he is now able to reach them. Still, they use tearing paper (especially wallpaper) and pressing all kinds of buttons on the remote control. Speech develops and vocabulary expands.

Children under 1 year - Komarovsky talks about how to communicate with a child

There are some parents who believe that talking to a child during this period is useless and even stupid, but the baby does not understand yet. But why did they even decide that he didn’t understand anything? The fact that he does not determine the exact meaning of words, he perceives the general meaning with the help of non-verbal means of communication (gestures, facial expressions, tone of voice, etc.). You need to talk to your child, if only because thanks to this he will learn to understand all your speech after some time.

What does it mean?

1. Communication with a child under one year of age is necessary for the further development of speech. Try to speak to him in a similar language.
2. Dilute the “childish” speech that you pronounce with ordinary, “adult” sentences. Of course, you shouldn’t tell him long monologues and complex sentences. Better contact him and talk about the things that surround him (toys, pieces of furniture, animals, etc.).
3. Talk to the child, not to the child. It is important. Be sincere and he will understand you.

About the psychomotor development of a baby up to 1 year

1 month

In motor skills: unconditioned reflexes predominate (especially sucking and grasping), erratic movements of the legs and arms fade away, and physiological hypertonicity decreases.

Statically: Towards the end of the first month, the baby holds his head for several minutes when he lies on his tummy.

In sensory reactions: occasionally looks at the surroundings and concentrates his hearing.

In speech: The baby pronounces vowels roughly similar to “a”, “i”, “e”.

good reaction to loud sound and bright colors (light); for a short time he can focus on the face of someone close to him.

2 month

In motor skills: More and more often, the baby turns his head in different directions.

Statically: it becomes possible to hold your head upright.

In sensory reactions: The baby focuses his attention on a moving object and often makes noises.

In emotions and social behavior: Smiles and focuses on the person's face, even if the person is in motion.

3 month

In motor skills: Almost every unconditioned reflex disappears, the tone gradually returns to normal, the baby tries to reach for an object (toy).

Statically: holds his head well.

In sensory reactions: good reaction to sound and light stimuli, concentrates his attention.

In speech: It hums often and for a long time, similar syllables can be heard.

In emotions and social behavior: smiles at everyone, even strangers, those around him receive an emotional response from the child.

4 month

In motor skills: movements become purposeful, rolls over from back to side, holds toys well.

Statically: begins to recognize all loved ones, the toy lends itself to careful study.

In sensory reactions: active reaction to sound and bright objects.

In speech: Consonant sounds are heard, and there are more and more joyful exclamations.

In emotions and social behavior: responds to emotional communication with loud laughter.

5 month

In motor skills: rolls over from stomach to back and vice versa, reaches out and touches toys.

Statically: stands on his feet with support, touching the floor with his fingertips.

In sensory reactions: distinguishes between familiar and unfamiliar, pulls any suitable object into his mouth.

In speech: pronounces chains of syllables.

In emotions and social behavior: communication with another baby brings joy, is able to respond to a certain intonation in the voice.

6 month

In motor skills: active revolutions, takes toys, can transfer them from one hand to another.

Statically: lying on his stomach, he can lean on outstretched arms, and gradually sits down.

In sensory reactions: active reaction to loved ones, watching for a toy that has fallen.

In speech: improves speaking skills, begins to connect syllables, changes the strength and tonality of sounds.

In emotions and social behavior: actively asks to be held.

7 month

In motor skills: lying on his back, playing with his legs.

Statically: learned to sit with a straight back; begins to spring with its legs if it is placed vertically.

In sensory reactions: strives to take the toy without changing position.

In speech: speaking skills improve.

In emotions and social behavior: He is involved in the game and is passionate about it, and begins to persistently demand his mother’s attention.

8 month

In motor skills: wants to have a toy in each hand.

Statically: active crawling on the stomach with rearrangement of arms; he lies down, sits up and gets up.

In sensory reactions: can nod his head to a question “yes” or “no”; successfully repeats “okay” and waves goodbye.

In emotions and social behavior: talks a lot and carefully studies other children.

9 month

In motor skills: He plays with toys himself and uses a trick that is funny for him: throwing toys away and waiting for someone to pick them up, and then throwing them again.

Statically: swings in the “on all fours” position, stands with support.

In sensory reactions: answers simple questions with action.

Speech: begins to clearly double syllables.

In emotions and social behavior: quickly makes contact, repeating other people's actions.

10 month

In motor skills: movements become more purposeful; during this period he can fold a pyramid, put a toy in its place, or close a box. Learns to use a “tweezer grip”: picks up small objects using the thumb and index finger.

Statically: crawls confidently and quickly; stands holding onto an object.

In sensory reactions: actively copies the movements of adults.

In speech: speaks the first words; tries to enter into dialogue by repeating familiar words.

In emotions and social behavior: a very emotional reaction to various movements and facial expressions; I like to play with children.

11 month

In motor skills: Improves pincer grip skill.

Statically: crawls very actively and has learned to stand without leaning on anything; can take a couple of steps if supported by both hands.

In sensory reactions: can fulfill a simple request; understands when he is told “you can” or “you can’t.”

In speech: speech has become more complicated, pronounces ordinary words in a simplified way. Speech becomes more difficult.

In emotions and social behavior: he is picky about other kids, rejoices with them, the first friendships appear.

12 month

In motor skills: plays with toys for more than an hour.

Statically: begins to walk with or without support from furniture.

In sensory reactions: can fulfill more complex requests, the number of different reactions to others increases.

In speech: vocabulary is approximately 10.

In emotions and social behavior: He really likes to play with other children, plays hide and seek, hugs, and expects praise from his loved ones.

These development standards are internationally accepted and applied in almost all countries. Komarovsky will tell you how a child under one year old behaves in the video below.

Basics of child health up to one year

Children under one year old, says Komarovsky, have an undeveloped immune system, so it is necessary to carefully monitor the state of the environment where the baby is.

The temperature of clean air in the child's room should be between 15-18 degrees, and humidity from 55% to 75%. You need to limit the use of household chemicals as much as possible. Construction materials and furniture in the room should be made from environmentally friendly materials so as not to cause allergies in the baby.

Carry out wet cleaning regularly (it doesn’t have to be thorough and make the room completely sterile), just avoid the accumulation of dust on carpets, soft toys, and surfaces of objects.

As for nutrition, Dr. Komarovsky strongly recommends that parents under no circumstances force their baby to eat. Keep your meal intervals and let him eat when he really wants to.

Monitor the quality of the toys you offer your child. It would be preferable not to give soft toys to a baby under one year old.

Daily walks are another guarantee of a newborn’s health. Dress for the weather and walks will bring pleasure to both you and your child!

Hardening, nutrition and active lifestyle

Hardening occupies a special place in the postulates of the methodology of Evgeniy Olegovich Komarovsky. Of course, he does not call for throwing the baby into an ice hole, but recommends gradually accustoming the baby to cool water. The doctor believes that hardening comes from natural mechanisms, so it is necessary to create conditions for the development of those same adaptive abilities that will help in the development of the child as a whole.

In a word, try to bring your baby’s lifestyle closer to natural conditions and make him active. Go out into nature, take a walk in cool weather, take a contrast shower, and then the baby will grow up healthy, says the doctor.

How does a baby develop from birth to one year of age? What standards to rely on to monitor development and control the process.

The monthly development calendar for a child up to 1 year allows new mothers to monitor how their baby is developing and mastering various skills. These are the main stages that a girl or boy goes through. Early child development occurs in the following areas:

• Physical development - includes mastering various movements, including walking.
• The emotional sphere of a child includes the formation of various emotions and the ability to express their desires.

An important stage for the formation of personality is the development of a child’s speech up to one year, since it is during this period that the foundations of future communication are laid.

Illustration of child development by month

In the first year of life, the baby experiences intensive growth, during which time he actively gains weight. The average statistical norms for a child’s development—weight and height—can be seen in the table, which shows fluctuations in the main anthropometric parameters, so minor deviations should not cause concern to parents.

Anthropometric child development chart - shows the average weight gain, height and head circumference of the baby.

A simple and at the same time difficult period in a baby’s life is the first three months. During this period, the digestive system undergoes a restructuring. Increased gas production and bloating bother the baby - he screams and cries. There are many ways to help him overcome his illness, one of them is

1 month: sleep and eat

In the first month of life, the baby's vision and hearing begin to develop. The child begins to respond to moving objects and melodious speech. Since at this stage of life the baby is awake very little, it is worth devoting most of the time to physical development: massage, light exercises. Which will contribute to faster development of vision, hearing and musculoskeletal system.

I don’t sleep, I don’t sleep – I sleep – I sleep….

By the end of 1 month, the baby’s face acquires certain features. Now, upon closer examination, you can determine who he resembles. Muscle hypertonicity gradually disappears, the baby relaxes his arms and legs and begins to actively move them. As a rule, by the end of 1 month the umbilical wound has completely healed, and a beautiful navel is formed in its place.

2 months: smile at me, mom!

Not very confident yet, but a little man... You can help him with this with the help of his favorite toy. By putting it in front of the baby, we motivate the desire to raise his head and look at the toy, thereby strengthening the neck muscles.

Perhaps there is a wider view on the stomach

At this age, the toddler masters perhaps the most pleasant skill for parents - a smile, which is already different from the grimace that was before. At 2 months old, the baby is able to recognize his mother by voice and smell, but continues to constantly monitor and study her. The child’s motor activity increases significantly, so you should closely monitor him and not leave him unattended.

From birth to 3 months

The baby learns to roll over independently from side to side. You can speed up the learning process and help your baby learn to roll over. Tired of playing on his stomach, the child begins to nod his head, or even lay it down on the sofa. At this moment, it is enough to extend your finger to him. The baby will grab onto it, now pull it a little to the side, and the baby will turn over on his back.

Need to rest and think

After a few minutes, try to turn it over to its original position using the same method.

By 3 months, the baby’s body has already fully adapted to existence outside. Positive changes are observed in the functioning of the digestive system, and the baby usually stops suffering from intestinal colic, stomach problems almost disappear. It’s worth holding off on complementary feeding for now - breast milk continues to be the ideal nutrition, and to prevent rickets, experts prescribe taking vitamin D.

4 months: playing with rattles

Now children stay awake longer, and communicating with them becomes more interesting every day. It is necessary to let the baby understand that he is quite. Without appearing in the child's line of sight, it is important to know what he is doing. It is enough to hear the sound of a rotating “carousel” above the crib or the sound of a rattle, and you can continue your business, leaving the baby for 15 minutes.

My rattle

By playing independently, the child will begin to compose complex sound combinations. So it’s not far from the first word.

A rattle stretched across the crib will serve as the first exercise machine. By trying to reach it with his legs, the baby will strengthen his back muscles.

The stomach has already grown significantly, so the child can sleep peacefully for 6 hours straight. Despite this, it is unlikely that you will be able to completely abandon night feedings. The baby requires constant attention.

5 months: attempts to get up and sit down

By this age, muscle hypertonicity almost disappears, movements become coordinated. The baby recognizes mom, dad and the people around him, and is also able to distinguish details of their appearance.

Slightly off balance

The child increasingly tries to get up on his own, clinging to the bars of the crib, and sit down. During games, it is necessary to remove him from the bed, transfer him to a playpen, a chair, or let him out on the carpet. This way the baby will get used to having different places to play, eat and sleep.

6 months: first teeth

The child actively uses his new skills, rolls over from his stomach to his back and back, sits independently, and tries to stand on his feet, holding onto the bars of the crib.

I can bite

Having noticed a new and interesting object, the baby will definitely try to get to it. To do this, you need an example. When playing on the carpet, parents will have to move in the same way as the baby. Personal example is the best way to teach something.

The baby's first teeth are appearing, so parents may once again be deprived of sleep.

7 months: little explorer

The child cannot walk yet, but actively explores the world through crawling. He feels quite stable against the support and sits well. Now you can try to move around the room, holding the baby by the hands.

Yeah - this is already interesting

Passive vocabulary accumulates, and the first attempts to speak appear. Some children can already pronounce babbling words, but more often speech consists of consonant sounds and individual syllables.

8 months: crawling on my own

The child can drink freely from a cup held by an adult. He crawls around the room with pleasure and, having reached a support, calmly stands on his feet. At this age, the baby usually does not yet speak words, but understands speech addressed to him quite well.

I can drink on my own, but I won’t

9 months

At 9 months, the baby is able to take several steps independently, holding onto a support. He can stay awake for 3-4 hours and not get tired from his activities.

Funny cart – I’ll probably use it as a support

Social development and personality formation come to the fore. The child tries to express dissatisfaction against those actions that he does not like.

10 months: restless helper around the house

The baby is particularly mobile and is able to perform various movements. He crawls well on all fours, overcomes obstacles and stands on support independently.

So - something new

The child shows increased interest in the objects around them and is able to reach those located on tables and shelves. He already has his favorite activities, and the first words appear in his active dictionary.

11 months: imitating mom and dad

The baby can independently take several steps around the room, and if he falls, he can stand up without support. He masters sandbox games and learns how to interact with peers. A dog can be a good friend for a child.

What is this object in mom’s hands?

By the end of the 11th month of life, children can already consciously pronounce several words, which is the beginning of real speech. The passive dictionary continues to actively develop.

12 months: walking alone

The child pleases adults with his first independent steps. It is important to maintain his success and prevent injuries from falls. The baby's communication is dominated by babbling speech, and the active vocabulary contains a large number of repeated syllables and imitative words.

Enough activities - let's celebrate

The baby perfectly understands the concepts of “good” and “bad”, “beautiful” and “ugly”. He is able to help his mother, clear dishes from the table, and take care of his toys independently.

The development of a child by month to year is the formation of all the basic concepts and skills that a person will need in later life.

Detailed video for each month up to a year

28 days from the moment of birth, or more precisely, from the moment the umbilical cord is cut and the fetus is separated from the mother.

It is clear that newborns are very different from each other and this is determined both by their state of health and the degree of full term. Talking about the skills of a newborn without specifying which newborn we are talking about is a thankless task, because there is a huge distance between a healthy full-term baby and a baby born at seven months old. Therefore, let's agree right away - The subject of our discussion will be a healthy, full-term newborn, since the physiological characteristics of premature babies is a specific topic, requiring emphasis not so much on “skills”, but on differences from the norm and the resulting features of care.

The initial assessment of the skills, and, accordingly, the health status of the newborn is carried out by medical workers directly in the delivery room. Each parent will be able to find the result of this assessment in the documents received upon discharge from the maternity hospital, where they will read, for example: “born with 8-9 Apgar scores”. Not everyone knows who or what “Apgar” is; many are sure that it is some kind of abbreviation and are unsuccessfully trying to decipher it. Let's explain: Apgar is a surname this one with an emphasis on the first letter “A”, it belongs to a woman, an American anesthesiologist. Apgar proposed a scale according to which 5 main signs of health (ill health) of a newborn, namely: heartbeat, breathing, muscle tone, reflexes and skin color are assessed on a three-point system - they receive 0, 1 or 2 points. This adds up to a maximum of 10.

But Apgar assessment is the job of people in white coats. But what about the ordinary average parent? We arrived home from the maternity hospital and gathered for family council. We have a newborn. The doctors said everything was fine. But doubts oppress. Some kind of red, eyes in different directions, waves his little arms in a strange way, jerks his legs, sticks out his lips, turns his head and generally yells... Relatives crowded around the crib put forward a wide variety of and completely disappointing versions, plunging young parents into despondency and not at all conducive to normal lactation at the mother's.

And taking into account the above-described and very typical situation, we will try to talk about how it should be, because the most reliable way to avoid stress is to receive information on time. There is a second way - to ask relatives to refrain from comments, so as not to create unnecessary stress, but within the framework of the domestic mentality this task is almost unrealistic.

Let's start with the senses. In fact, according to long-established rules, the doctor completes the examination of the child with an assessment of the functioning of the senses, but this is what worries parents most of all - what the child sees, what he hears, what he feels.

Vision

Both the optic nerve and the muscles that move the eyeball in a newborn are not fully formed. The child only senses the light itself, i.e., distinguishes day from night, but is unable to understand that it is the grandmother waving her arms in front of him. The mentioned immaturity of the oculomotor muscles forms a physiological, i.e., completely normal, strabismus for the newborn period.

The specific feature of a newborn is the blink reflex. The bottom line: no matter how much you wave objects near the eye, it does not blink, but it reacts to a bright and sudden beam of light.

Hearing

Immediately after birth, slightly reduced(the ear cavity is filled with air gradually) , but by the time he gets home, he hears almost like adults. But he doesn’t understand and therefore doesn’t react. If the sound is loud enough, it shudders, and the depth and frequency of breathing may change, and the facial muscles react.

Smell

He clearly reacts to strong odors (usually by changing his breathing rate), but he is unable to distinguish his father’s cologne from his mother’s perfume.

Taste

This is definitely all right. Sweets have a calming effect, licks lips, makes swallowing movements. Doesn't like salty or bitter things. Stops sucking, grimaces, cries.

Since taste and smell are very well developed, it is quite possible, and this must be taken into account, to have negative reactions to “tasteless” medicines and hygiene products used by a nursing mother.

Touch

It is well developed, but unevenly, since the nerve endings are unevenly distributed. He perceives touching the face and limbs more actively than stroking the back. Well, he reacts in a completely civilized way - he cries when he hears something cold and hard, and calms down when he hears something soft and warm.

So, we've dealt with the senses. Now a little about everything else, no less important.

Leather

Excellent blood supply the smallest vessels (capillaries) are wider than in adults (relatively speaking, of course). Sweat glands are significantly underdeveloped. These two factors are associated with significant sensitivity to damaging factors, especially overheating. But there is also a noticeable plus - a very high restorative ability - everything heals very quickly, naturally, if the damaging factor is eliminated.

Muscles

A specific feature is an increase in muscle tone, but the the muscles are underdeveloped, especially the muscles of the limbs. And the total muscle mass is noticeably different from that of an adult and is only 22-25% of body weight, while for mom and dad it is at least 40%.

Respiratory system

Pulmonary respiration, as is known, is absent in the fetus in principle; gas exchange is carried out through the so-called. placental circulation. Immediately after birth, the baby takes his first breath, the upper respiratory tract and lungs are filled with air - the baby begins to breathe like a human. An important feature of a newborn is the narrowness of the nasal passages, larynx, and trachea, and the mucous membranes covering them from the inside are very delicate and are actively supplied with blood. The mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract are easily damaged by nose picking and can easily become dry. When the air is dry and dusty, protective mucus is produced in large quantities, and since all passages are narrow, problems often arise when mucus accumulates in the respiratory tract. A newborn can sneeze, but he can’t blow his nose. Knowing this is important precisely because the baby, of course, can breathe humanly (that is, through his nose and without grunting), but only if loving relatives create human conditions for him - so that there is less dust, so as not to overdo it heaters to ventilate the children's room in time.

The normal breathing rate for a newborn baby ranges from 40-60 breaths per minute.

The cardiovascular system

Immediately after birth, placental blood circulation stops. The work of the heart and blood vessels changes significantly. The lungs fill with blood, stop functioning and some vessels and openings close(through them the fetus had blood flow bypassing the lungs). The heart of a newborn is one of the healthiest organs; it is very resistant to both stress and lack of oxygen. The heart rate ranges from 110 to 140 beats per minute, and these fluctuations occur constantly - almost any external influence seriously changes the pulse rate.

Digestive system

The child is born with very well developed chewing muscles and a relatively large tongue. This makes long and active sucking possible. But the salivary glands are still immature and there is little saliva itself. The digestive organs grow very quickly. So, on the first day of life, the stomach can hold about 20 ml of milk, after a week it is already 50 ml, and by the end of the newborn period more than 100. Since the child’s body is focused specifically on milk, the enzymes of the stomach and intestines, in terms of qualitative and quantitative composition, are focused on successful digestion specifically milk. In the first 10-20 hours of life, the intestinal tract is practically sterile, but it very quickly fills with microbes. Bacteria multiplying in the intestines change the appearance of stool - at first it is brown, then greenish-yellow, and after a few days it becomes light yellow, mushy with a sour odor.

Extraction system

Already at birth, there is a small amount of urine in the bladder. In the first 3 days of life, urination is relatively rare - 4-5 times a day - this is quite normal. But the number of walks for minor needs increases rapidly and in the second week of life ranges from 15 to 25 times. The volume of a newborn’s bladder is from 50 to 80 ml, but the child does not know how to accumulate urine in such quantities - 10-15 ml is “collected” and that’s enough - it’s time to change diapers. As for the kidneys themselves, although they are capable of quite successfully performing their functions, they are underdeveloped at the time of birth. In this regard, the characteristics of a newborn’s urine (specific gravity, reaction, protein content) are different from the norms of an adult.

Nervous system

The nervous system of a newborn has a number of features; this is, perhaps, precisely the system of the body that undergoes the greatest changes during the first months of life. Reflexes, excitability, and reactions to the environment are constantly changing. Muscle tone is more pronounced in the muscles that flex the arms and legs. Some signs that are completely abnormal in adults are quite natural in newborns. For example, trembling of the muscles of the limbs(so-called tremor) is very undesirable for agitated grandmothers, but for a newborn it is the norm. Tendon reflexes (those that a neuropathologist determines with the help of a hammer) are not constant in a newborn, except that the knee reflexes are almost always detected in everyone.

But there are also completely special reflexes, which are called “physiological reflexes of newborns.” The mentioned reflexes are caused by the immaturity of the brain; they are present in all healthy newborns, but as the brain “matures,” they fade and disappear by 4-5 months. Every parent can detect these reflexes in their child and thereby be convinced of his (the child’s) normality. Examples:

Grasping reflex.

If you bring an adult’s finger to the inside of the baby’s palm, the child clasps it and holds on firmly. So strong that it is easy to lift the child up above the table surface.

Hug reflex.

Occurs when hitting the table on which the child is lying, with a sudden loud sound, or patting the buttocks or thighs. The reflex consists of two phases. In the first, the child leans back, shoulders straighten, and arms spread to the sides. In the second phase of the reflex, the hands converge on the chest.

Crawling reflex.

If you lay the baby on his tummy and put the palms of an adult on his feet, the child pushes off.

Reflexes of support and automatic walking.

In an upright position (the child is held under the armpits), the child rests his legs on the changing table. And if you tilt it forward a little, movements appear that resemble walking.

The list is not limited to the listed reflexes, but for parental experiments the given list is quite sufficient.
The information provided allows us to form a very definite impression about the skills of a newborn baby. The baby, although he seems weak and helpless, actually knows a lot. The main skill is the ability to distinguish good from bad and communicate this to relatives. Cry and call for help when you are hungry, when you feel discomfort, when something hurts, calm down and behave quite decently when everything is fine. He knows how to suck and swallow, knows how to relieve himself, distinguishes day from night, silence from noise, tasty from bitter, soft from hard - not so little for a person whose age is determined by days.