Test strip for determining acetone in urine. Test strips for determining acetone in urine

Using a test strip for detecting acetone in urine, you can determine the amount of ketone bodies. This condition can occur in people of different ages.

The risk group includes children and people who have been diagnosed. When it appears, you need to check the level of the substance, and with indicator strips you can do this at home.

In order for the analysis result to be most accurate, you need to collect urine correctly. To do this, you need to take a clean container, free of contamination.

The collected must be delivered within 24 hours, otherwise the acetone will begin to degrade. Storing the container with urine in the refrigerator extends this period to 2-3 days.

However, all this applies to the traditional methods still used, based on the use of a special liquid or dry reagent based on sodium nitroprusside. Similar methods include the Lange, Legal, and Lestrade tests. The presence of acetone in the urine is determined according to the change in color of the medium.

In order to quickly find out the amount of ketone bodies in the urine, you can use test strips. They are made from litmus and coated with a special compound to detect acetone in urine. This method is convenient for use both in medical institutions and at home.

Test strips are applicable in the following cases:

• for quick diagnosis of acetonuria (when the release of ketone bodies increases during urination);
• process control;
• choosing ;
• early detection (in case of diagnosing diabetes mellitus).

When interacting with a low-alkaline medium, the test strip changes color. This is what makes it possible to find out the level of acetone in the urine.

After the technique is carried out, a color tint characteristic of a certain ketone concentration in the body appears on the strip. You can measure the level of acetone by comparing the result obtained with the example on the package.

Advantages and disadvantages of the express method

In such a situation, when for some reason it is not possible to submit an analysis to the laboratory, rapid tests to detect the amount of acetone in the urine come to the rescue.

The tests have a shelf life of up to 2 years; the tubes, which are hermetically sealed, do not allow moisture to pass through, which helps preserve the working environment for the strips.

For most people suffering from a particular disease, it is convenient to purchase a large package at once. Test strips are considered the simplest and most affordable way to find out the first results of the condition of the urinary organs and the body as a whole at home.

You do not need a prescription to purchase them; they are sold in cardboard and plastic packaging. Their number can be from 5 to 200 pieces.

The disadvantage of this method is that the result is not entirely accurate, unlike clinical analysis. This can be explained by the fact that the test cannot reflect the exact concentration of ketone bodies in the urine.

To diagnose at home, you will need to purchase at least 3 test strips, which must be used for three days in a row.

Instructions for use of test strips for acetone in urine

To independently use the strips and decipher the results obtained, you do not need to have medical knowledge. Each test package contains instructions, which you should definitely read; the exposure time of the indicator in urine may vary among different manufacturers.

There are a few rules that remain the same:

• the test is done at a certain temperature, it should be from +15 to +30 C;
• To avoid damage to the sensory part, it is unacceptable to touch it with your hands;
• maintaining hygiene;
• For analysis, you only need fresh urine (no more than 2 hours);
• It is recommended to take a morning urine sample;
• sterility of containers for biological fluid;
• the minimum amount of liquid collected must be at least 5-7 ml, otherwise the result may be unreliable.

The absence of toxic substances makes the test completely safe, so you can do it yourself at home. This is especially convenient for pregnant women and small children.

The test is easy to use:

• Remove one test strip from the package. It is disposable and cannot be used a second time;
• place it in the prepared container with urine and leave for 2 seconds. Remove from container and remove excess liquid. Place the strip with the sensor facing up to determine the color reaction;
• The result must be deciphered within a period of time from 2 to 5 minutes from the start of the procedure.

If the amount of urine is small, you should use a test tube (laboratory) to avoid bending the strip. This may cause the sensor parts to peel off and result in incorrect display.

More accurate values ​​can be obtained by using morning urine. If there is any doubt about the result obtained, repeating the test is recommended.

If the strip is painted in a color that is not on the comparative scale, then this indicates its unsuitability. The strip must be used within one hour after opening the package.

How to correctly decipher the research result?

Therefore, they are used for the semi-quantitative method. The results of the analysis can be divided into five groups.

If the amount of acetone in the urine is normal, then the strip in this case has no color. The result will be negative if the amount of ketone bodies is less than 0.5 mmol/l.

A slight increase in ketone bodies will show a light pink color. This condition is designated as one plus, and this indicates a mild degree of ketonuria. This does not pose a danger to the patient's life, but requires treatment.

The stripe's pink or crimson color means a high presence of ketone bodies. This state is indicated by two and three pluses. The obtained result indicates the severity of ketonuria is moderate. This already poses a danger to the patient’s health and treatment cannot be delayed.

If the presence of ketone bodies is greatly increased, the strip will turn purple. In practice, such a condition corresponds to four pluses and indicates the presence of a serious condition - ketoacidosis. This is dangerous to health, treatment occurs exclusively in a hospital.

What affects the accuracy of test strip measurements?

The express method may not always give a true result, since this may be influenced by several factors:

• high content of ascorbic acid;
• the presence of acid in the body, which is a product of salicylic oxidation;
• medications were taken before the test;
• the presence of residues of means for disinfecting the container for analysis.

Video on the topic

About test strips for testing urine at home in the video:

The advent of indicator test strips for detecting acetone in urine has significantly accelerated the process of screening diagnostics. Still, we should not forget that this method only helps to determine the increased levels of ketone bodies in the urine, but only an experienced doctor can determine the causes of this condition.

If a malfunction of some organ or system occurs in the human body, symptoms and changes immediately appear that indicate a specific pathology. Sometimes acetone appears in the urine of an adult or child, which occurs for specific reasons and requires treatment in most cases. This symptom cannot be ignored; in some situations, hospitalization of the patient is indicated.

What is acetone in urine

This pathology is called acetonuria (ketonuria), it is characterized by an increase in the content of ketone bodies in the urine, which are a product of incomplete breakdown of fats and proteins in the body. The smell of acetone in the urine is a direct sign of a high concentration of ketone bodies, which include: acetoacetic acid, hydroxybutyric acid and acetone. Acetonuria was a rare phenomenon, but the situation has changed greatly and now pathology can often be detected in children and adults. The content of ketone bodies in small quantities is not a deviation; they are excreted by the kidneys.

Norm of acetone in urine

Ketone bodies are a product of incomplete oxidation of proteins and fats. When the organs of the body function normally, they are excreted along with urine through the kidneys. The acetone content is very low and is normally 001-0.03 g per day. For this reason, in laboratory tests it is present in the transcript. If the norm is slightly exceeded, treatment is not required; measures must be taken if the content in the urine increases significantly.

Symptoms

It is important to notice in time the signs of acetone in the urine of a child and an adult. Timely therapy will help avoid complications and unpleasant consequences. This pathology often indicates a problem with another organ or system and acts as a symptom. Acetonuria can be recognized independently if you pay attention to the following factors:

• elevated blood sugar levels;
• high body temperature;
• strong smell of acetone when urinating;
• constant desire to sleep, rest;
• breath smells like acetone even after brushing your teeth;
• excessive redness or pallor;
• unstable mental state;
• diarrhea, severe vomiting for no apparent reason.

Causes of acetone in urine in adults

The reasons for the appearance of ketone bodies at different ages are associated with certain deviations in the functioning of the body. In adults, the following reasons may cause the increase in acetone in the urine:

• high content of fatty foods in the diet;
• with prolonged fasting, lack of sufficient carbohydrates in the diet;
• excessive amounts of protein in the diet;
• excess acetone may be associated with surgery performed under general anesthesia;
• increased body temperature;
• constant, regular strong physical activity on the body;
• the acetone content is higher in patients with diabetes;
• severe toxicosis during pregnancy with constant vomiting;
• alcohol abuse;
• poisoning of the body due to the penetration of toxic substances.

Acetone in the body can also increase due to the development of other pathologies that affect the functioning of the body, for example:

• infections that caused severe consequences;
• formation of malignant neoplasms in the gastrointestinal tract;
• damage to the nervous system due to injury;
• pathological conditions of the liver;
• severe dehydration of the body;
• feverish condition;
• Constantly emotional, stressful state.

During pregnancy

Doctors note that in some cases acetonuria develops in pregnant women, but they cannot explain the exact reason for the appearance of ketone bodies. There are a number of factors that can influence the occurrence of this syndrome:

1. A noticeable decrease in immunity.
2. Negative environmental influences.
3. Strong psychological stress before and during pregnancy.
4. The presence of preservatives, dyes, flavors and other chemicals in the diet.
5. Toxicosis with constant severe vomiting. In this condition, it is very important to restore the water balance: drink water in small sips; in severe cases, intravenous administration may be necessary. With proper therapy, acetonuria disappears within 12 days.

In children

The level of acetone in a child’s urine corresponds to an adult’s body, but the predisposition to appear in a child is higher. Rapid growth of the body, increased activity, accelerated burning of calories increases the body's need for additional energy. Unlike adults, the child’s body does not have such a reserve of glycogen; this element is involved in the formation of glucose, which is why increased acetone develops in the child. Physiological deficiency of enzymes leads to an increase in the number of ketone bodies.

Even minor, temporary disturbances can cause the appearance of acetone in the urine of children. Often the problem goes away without treating the disease, but in some cases this may indicate the development of serious pathologies. The reasons for the development of acetonuria in a child are the following factors:

• hypothermia;
• hot weather;
• physical, emotional stress, overwork;
• dehydration;
• long journeys;
• constant stress;
• pH violation;
• lack of carbohydrates, calories, prolonged fasting;
• a large amount of food rich in fats and proteins;
• binge eating.

The physiological reasons for the development of acetonuria are described above, but in 90% of cases this deviation is associated with the immaturity of the enzyme system, large waste of energy, and poor diet. More serious problems in the body can also cause an increase in acetone during urination:

• postoperative period;
• infectious serious diseases;
• heat;
• metabolic disorders, diabetes;
• exacerbation of chronic pathologies;
• injuries;
• diarrhea, vomiting;
• intoxication after chemical or food poisoning;
• digestive disorders;
• anemia;
• enzyme deficiency;
• oncology;
• congenital pathology of the esophagus;
• psychical deviations.

The danger of acetonuria during pregnancy

The appearance of ketone bodies in urine becomes a problem, which indicates a pathological condition. It often becomes the reason for emergency hospitalization. The most common reason for an increase in acetone levels during pregnancy is toxicosis, which develops along with severe vomiting. This condition is often accompanied by severe dehydration, which provokes the appearance of acetone in the urine.

Another common reason is poor nutrition, so during pregnancy you should not eat a lot of fatty and sweet foods. The fear of getting fat forces women to limit themselves in food, some begin to starve, which leads to dangerous consequences and can cause the development of acetonemia. It is recommended to eat frequently and in small portions, reducing only the amount of fried and floury foods.

Diagnostics

An increased content of ketone bodies can be detected even by visual examination of the patient. The main symptoms are depression, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, changes in body temperature, nausea and vomiting, and headaches. To determine the content of ketone bodies, rapid tests or laboratory tests (urinalysis) are used.

Test for acetone in urine

Special strips are sold in pharmacies that show the content of ketone bodies in the urine. No special knowledge is required to use them; even a small child can use them. They are usually sold individually, but you can also buy a set. The set includes a special container made of metal or plastic; there are also options with glass bottles. The cost of the test is low, so everyone can afford it to regularly check the content of ketone bodies.

It is recommended to purchase several strips at once to achieve maximum reliability of the study. When you first get out of bed, you need to collect your morning urine and put the test in it. Soon an indicator will appear on it, which will show the result. If a pink color appears, then the acetone content is low. If after the reaction the strip turns purple, the content is high and you need to seek help immediately.

Urine test for acetone

If the color of the strip indicates the presence of ketone bodies, then its quantity should be determined. Tests do not provide such data; laboratory analysis is performed for this purpose. Fresh urine collected in the morning must be taken for testing. The result will show the digital content of acetone in urine. It is recommended to take this test annually in order to promptly notice the increase in ketone elements and prevent the development of acetonuria or other dangerous pathologies.

Treatment

The basis of any therapy is eliminating the cause of the pathology. This is the way to remove acetone from the body of a child or adult. Only a doctor can draw up a treatment plan; it is prohibited to do this on your own. When treating acetonuria, the following therapeutic measures are prescribed:

• introducing foods high in carbohydrates into the diet;
• insulin injections;
• alkaline drink: alkaline mineral waters, soda solution;
• reducing the consumption of protein and fatty foods;
• drug therapy, Enterodes, Essentiale, Methionine and Enterosorbents are prescribed: Smecta, Polysor, Enterosgel, Polyphepan, Filtrum;
• drip infusions of saline intravenously;
• alkaline cleansing enemas.

Diet

This is one of the common reasons for an increase in the amount of ketone elements. This is a mandatory point in complex treatment for children and adults. There are general dietary recommendations, which are presented in the table below:

Acetone in urine (Acetonuria) - causes, symptoms, treatment, diet, answers to questions

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Acetonuria

Until recently, the phenomenon of acetonuria was very rare, but now the situation has changed dramatically, and increasingly, acetone in the urine can be found not only in children, but also in adults.

Acetone can be found in the urine of every person, only in very small concentrations. In small quantities (20-50 mg/day) it is constantly excreted by the kidneys. In this case, no treatment is required.

Reasons for the appearance of acetone in urine

In adults

• The predominance of fatty and protein foods in the diet, when the body does not have the ability to completely break down fats and proteins.
• Lack of food containing carbohydrates.
  In such cases, it is enough to balance your diet, avoid eating fatty foods, and add foods containing carbohydrates. By following a simple diet that will eliminate all dietary errors, it is quite possible to get rid of acetonuria without resorting to treatment.
• Physical exercise.
  If the reasons lie in intense sports activities, you need to contact a specialist and adjust the load that would suit the body.
• A strict diet or prolonged fasting.
  In this case, you will have to give up fasting and contact a nutritionist so that he can select the optimal diet and products necessary to restore the normal state of the body.
• Diabetes mellitus type I or a depleted state of the pancreas with long-term diabetes mellitus type II.

  In this state, the body does not have enough carbohydrates to completely oxidize fats and proteins. Depending on the reasons that provoked the appearance of acetone in the urine in diabetes mellitus, the tactics for managing the patient are chosen. If the reason lies in simply following a strict diet (although this is unreasonable behavior for diabetics), then such acetonuria will go away within a few days after normalizing the diet or adding foods containing carbohydrates to the diet. But when a patient with diabetes mellitus does not decrease the level of acetone in the urine even after taking carbohydrates and simultaneous insulin injections, it is worth seriously thinking about metabolic disorders. In such cases, the prognosis is unfavorable and is fraught with diabetic coma if urgent measures are not taken.

• Cerebral coma.
• Heat.
• Alcohol intoxication.
• Precomatose state.
• Hyperinsulinism (attacks of hypoglycemia caused by increased insulin levels).
• A number of serious diseases - stomach cancer, stenosis (narrowing of the opening or lumen) of the pylorus of the stomach or esophagus, severe anemia, cachexia (severe exhaustion of the body) - are almost always accompanied by acetonuria.
• Uncontrollable vomiting in pregnant women.
• Eclampsia (severe toxicosis in late pregnancy).
• Infectious diseases.
• Anesthesia, especially chloroform. In patients in the postoperative period, acetone may appear in the urine.
• Various poisonings, for example, with phosphorus, lead, atropine and many other chemical compounds.
• Thyrotoxicosis (increased levels of thyroid hormones).
• Consequences of injuries affecting the central nervous system.

In children

• Errors in nutrition.
  Overeating, fatty foods, products containing chemical flavors, preservatives and dyes are an incomplete list of child nutrition disorders that can lead to the appearance of acetone in a child’s urine.
• Increased excitability or stress (which parents mistake for simple whims).
• Overwork.
  In an effort to make a child prodigy, parents enroll their child in numerous sections and clubs. They forget that a child may simply be tired.
• Worms, diathesis, dysentery.
  Only a doctor can help here by prescribing appropriate treatment.
• Uncontrolled use of antibiotics.
• Heat.

Acetone in urine during pregnancy

• Negative environmental influences.
• The expectant mother has great psychological stress not only in the present, but also in the past.
• Decreased immunity.
• The presence of chemicals in consumed products - dyes, preservatives and flavors.
• Toxicosis, in which the main symptom is constant vomiting. In this case, it is simply necessary to restore the water balance in the body - drink water in small sips or even inject liquid intravenously. With proper treatment, acetone disappears from urine within two days or even earlier.

Acetone in urine - symptoms

• unpleasant odor when urinating;
• smell of acetone from the mouth;
• mental depression;
• lethargy of the patient.

• Loss of appetite . A child may even refuse water because he constantly feels nauseous.
• The baby complains of weakness.
• Excitability, which gives way to drowsiness and lethargy.
• Cramping pain in the abdomen, most often in the navel area.
• Vomiting after every meal.
• Temperature increase.
• Paleness, dry skin, unhealthy blush.
• Dry tongue.
• The smell of acetone from the mouth, from vomit and from urine.

Determination of acetone in urine

Test for acetone in urine

The test is done every morning for three days in a row. To do this, you need to collect morning urine and dip a strip into it. Then take it out, shake off excess drops and wait a couple of minutes. If the strip turns from yellow to pink, this indicates the presence of acetone. The appearance of purple tints may indicate severe acetonuria.

The test, of course, will not show exact numbers, but it will help determine the level of acetone at which you need to urgently consult a doctor.

Urine test for acetone

Urine collection for analysis is carried out according to the usual rules: after hygiene procedures, morning urine is collected in a dry and clean container.

Normally, there are so few ketone bodies (acetone) in urine that they cannot be detected by conventional laboratory methods. Therefore, it is believed that acetone in urine should not be normal. If acetone is detected in the urine, its amount is indicated in the analysis by pluses (“crosses”).

One plus means that the urine reaction to acetone is weakly positive.

Two or three pluses – a positive reaction.

Four pluses (“four crosses”) – a strongly positive reaction; the situation requires immediate medical attention.

Which doctor should I contact if there is acetone in my urine?

If, in addition to acetone in the urine, a person is tormented by constant thirst, he drinks a lot and urinates a lot, the oral mucosa feels dry, then this indicates diabetes mellitus, and in this case you should contact endocrinologist (make an appointment).

If there is acetone in the urine against the background of high body temperature or an infectious disease, you should contact general practitioner (make an appointment) or infectious disease specialist (sign up) who will conduct the necessary examination and find out the cause of the fever or inflammatory process and then prescribe treatment.

If acetone appears in the urine after abusing alcoholic beverages, then you need to contact narcologist (make an appointment), who will carry out the necessary treatment aimed at removing toxic breakdown products of ethyl alcohol from the body.

If a high concentration of acetone in the urine is due to anesthesia, then it is necessary to contact resuscitator (make an appointment) or a therapist to carry out activities aimed at quickly removing toxic products from the body.

When there are symptoms of hyperinsulinism (periodic bouts of sweating, rapid heartbeat, feelings of hunger, fear, anxiety, trembling in the legs and arms, loss of orientation in space, double vision, numbness and tingling in the limbs) or thyrotoxicosis (nervousness, excitability, imbalance, fear , anxiety, rapid speech, insomnia, impaired concentration of thoughts, slight trembling of the limbs and head, rapid heartbeat, protrusion of the eyes, swelling of the eyelids, double vision, dryness and pain in the eyes, sweating, high body temperature, low weight, intolerance to high ambient temperatures, abdominal pain, diarrhea and constipation, muscle weakness and fatigue, menstrual irregularities, fainting, headache and dizziness), then you should contact an endocrinologist.

If a pregnant woman has acetone in her urine and is bothered by frequent vomiting or a complex of swelling + high blood pressure + protein in her urine, then she should contact gynecologist (make an appointment), since such symptoms allow one to suspect complications of pregnancy, such as severe toxicosis or gestosis.

If acetone appears in the urine after suffering injuries to the central nervous system (for example, brain contusion, encephalitis, etc.), then you should contact neurologist (make an appointment).

If a person has intentionally or accidentally been poisoned by any substances, for example, taken atropine or worked in hazardous industries with lead, phosphorus or mercury compounds, then you should contact toxicologist (make an appointment) or, in his absence, to a therapist.

If an adult or child experiences severe abdominal pain combined with diarrhea, and possibly vomiting and elevated body temperature, then you should contact an infectious disease specialist, since the symptoms indicate dysentery.

If a child has a high concentration of acetone in the urine combined with diathesis, then it is necessary to consult a therapist or allergist (make an appointment).

When acetone in the urine is detected against the background of pale skin and mucous membranes, weakness, dizziness, perversion of taste, “sticking” in the corners of the mouth, dry skin, brittle nails, shortness of breath, rapid heartbeat, then anemia is suspected, and in this case it is necessary to contact Hematologist (make an appointment).

If a person is too thin, then the presence of acetone in the urine is one of the signs of such extreme exhaustion, and in this case it is necessary to consult a general practitioner or rehabilitologist (sign up).

If, against the background of acetone in the urine, a person regularly vomits previously eaten food, splashing noise in the stomach after abstaining from food for several hours, visible peristalsis in the stomach, belching sour or rotten, heartburn, weakness, fatigue and diarrhea, then stenosis is suspected pylorus of the stomach or esophagus, in which case it is necessary to contact Gastroenterologist (make an appointment) And surgeon (make an appointment).

If acetone in the urine is combined with pain in the stomach, heaviness in the stomach after eating, loss of appetite, aversion to meat, nausea and possibly vomiting, satiety with a small amount of food and poor general health, fatigue, then stomach cancer is suspected, and in this in case you need to contact oncologist (make an appointment).

What tests and examinations can a doctor prescribe if there is acetone in the urine?

If acetone in the urine is combined with symptoms indicating hyperinsulinism (periodic bouts of sweating, rapid heartbeat, feelings of hunger, fear, anxiety, trembling in the legs and arms, loss of orientation in space, double vision, numbness and tingling in the extremities), then a doctor Be sure to prescribe a daily measurement of blood glucose concentration. In this case, glucose levels are measured every hour or every two hours. If the results of daily monitoring of blood sugar levels reveal deviations from the norm, then the diagnosis of hyperinsulinism is considered established. And then additional examinations are carried out necessary to understand the cause of hyperinsulinism. First of all, a fasting test is performed, when the level of C-peptide, immunoreactive insulin and glucose in the blood is measured on an empty stomach, and if their concentration is increased, then the disease is caused by organic changes in the pancreas.

To confirm that hyperinsulinism is caused by pathological changes in the pancreas, sensitivity tests to tolbutamide and leucine are additionally performed. If the results of sensitivity tests are positive, then it is necessary to prescribe Ultrasound (sign up), scintigraphy (sign up) And Magnetic resonance imaging of the pancreas (sign up).

But if, during a fasting test, the level of C-peptide, immunoreactive insulin and glucose in the blood remains normal, then hyperinsulinism is considered secondary, that is, caused not by pathological changes in the pancreas, but by a disorder in the functioning of other organs. In such a situation, to find out the cause of hyperinsulinism, the doctor prescribes an ultrasound of all abdominal organs and Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain (sign up).

If acetone in the urine is detected against the background of symptoms of thyrotoxicosis (nervousness, excitability, imbalance, fear, anxiety, rapid speech, insomnia, impaired concentration of thoughts, slight trembling of the limbs and head, rapid heartbeat, protrusion of the eyes, swelling of the eyelids, double vision, dryness and pain in the eyes, sweating, high body temperature, low weight, intolerance to high ambient temperatures, abdominal pain, diarrhea and constipation, muscle weakness and fatigue, menstrual irregularities, fainting, headache and dizziness), then the doctor prescribes the following tests and examinations:

• Level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in the blood;
• Level of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) in the blood;
• Ultrasound of the thyroid gland (sign up);
• Computed tomography of the thyroid gland;
• Electrocardiogram (ECG) (sign up);
• Thyroid scintigraphy (sign up);
• Thyroid biopsy (make an appointment).

When the presence of acetone in the urine is combined with constant thirst, frequent and heavy urination, and a feeling of dry mucous membranes, then diabetes mellitus is suspected, and in this case the doctor prescribes the following tests and examinations:

• Determination of fasting blood glucose concentration;
• Determination of glucose in urine;
• Determination of the level of glycosylated hemoglobin in the blood;
• Determination of the level of C-peptide and insulin in the blood;
• Glucose tolerance test (sign up).

To identify complications of diabetes mellitus, your doctor may prescribe Kidney ultrasound (sign up), rheoencephalography (REG) (sign up) brain and rheovasography (sign up) legs

If acetone in the urine is detected against the background of a high body temperature or an infectious disease, then the doctor prescribes general and biochemical blood tests, as well as various tests to identify the causative agent of the inflammatory process - PCR (sign up), ELISA, RNGA, RIF, RTGA, bacteriological culture, etc. At the same time, to conduct tests to identify the causative agent of infection, depending on its location, various biological fluids can be taken - blood, urine, feces, sputum, bronchial swabs, saliva, etc. The doctor determines which pathogens are tested individually each time, depending on the patient’s clinical symptoms.

When acetone appears in the urine as a result of alcohol abuse, the doctor usually prescribes only general and biochemical blood tests, a general urine test, and Ultrasound of the abdominal organs (make an appointment) to assess the general condition of the body and understand how severe the functional disorders of various organs are.

If acetone is detected in the urine of a pregnant woman, the doctor must prescribe General blood test (sign up) and urine, determination of protein concentration in urine, biochemical blood test, blood test for the concentration of electrolytes (potassium, sodium, chlorine, calcium), blood pressure measurement, blood clotting test (with mandatory determination of APTT, PTI, INR, TV, fibrinogen, RFMC and D-dimers).

When acetone appears in the urine after injuries to the central nervous system, the doctor, first of all, performs various neurological tests, and also prescribes general and biochemical blood tests, rheoencephalography, electroencephalography (sign up), dopplerography (make an appointment) cerebral vessels and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. In addition, depending on the results of the examinations, the doctor may additionally prescribe any other research methods necessary to identify the pathology of the central nervous system and clarify its nature.

When acetone in the urine appears simultaneously with suspected poisoning with salts of heavy metals, phosphorus, atropine, the doctor must prescribe a general blood test, a blood clotting test and a biochemical blood test (bilirubin, glucose, cholesterol, cholinesterase, AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase, amylase , lipase, LDH, potassium, calcium, chlorine, sodium, magnesium, etc.).

When acetone appears in the urine in a child with symptoms of diathesis, the doctor prescribes allergy tests (sign up) for sensitivity to various allergens, as well as determination of the level of IgE in the blood and a general blood test. Tests for sensitivity to allergens make it possible to understand which foods, herbs or substances the child has too strong a reaction to, provoking diathesis. A blood test for IgE and a general blood test make it possible to understand whether we are talking about a true allergy or a pseudo-allergy. After all, if a child has a pseudo-allergy, then it manifests itself in exactly the same way as a true allergy, but is caused by the immaturity of the digestive tract, and, therefore, these reactions of excessive sensitivity will pass when the baby grows up. But if a child has a true allergy, then it will remain for life, and in this case, he needs to know what substances cause hypersensitivity reactions in him in order to avoid their effects on his body in the future.

If acetone is present in the urine against the background of pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, weakness, dizziness, perversion of taste, “sticking” in the corners of the mouth, dry skin, brittle nails, shortness of breath, rapid heartbeat, dizziness - anemia is suspected, and in this case the doctor prescribes the following tests and examinations:

• General blood analysis;
• Determination of ferritin level in blood (sign up);
• Determination of transferrin level in the blood;
• Determination of serum iron levels in the blood;
• Determination of iron-binding capacity of blood serum;
• Determining the level of bilirubin in the blood (sign up);
• Determination of the level of vitamins B 12 and folic acid in the blood;
• Examination of feces for occult blood;
• Bone marrow puncture (make an appointment) with counting the number of cells of each sprout ( myelogram (sign up));
• X-ray of the lungs (sign up);
• Fibrogastroduodenoscopy (sign up);
• Colonoscopy (make an appointment);
• CT scan;
• Ultrasound of various organs.

However, for other anemias, a blood test for bilirubin and ferritin concentrations, as well as a stool test for occult blood, are prescribed. If the bilirubin level is elevated, then the anemia is hemolytic, caused by the destruction of red blood cells. If there is hidden blood in the stool, it means hemorrhagic anemia, that is, caused by bleeding from the digestive, genitourinary or respiratory tract. If the ferritin level is reduced, then iron deficiency anemia.

Further research is carried out only if hemolytic or hemorrhagic anemia is detected. For hemorrhagic anemia, colonoscopy, fibrogastroduodenoscopy, X-ray of the lungs, Ultrasound of the pelvic organs (sign up) and abdominal cavity to identify the source of bleeding. For hemolytic anemia, a bone marrow puncture is performed with a smear examination and counting the number of various hematopoietic stem cells.

Tests to determine the level of transferrin, serum iron, iron-binding capacity of serum, vitamin B 12 and folic acid are rarely prescribed, since they are classified as auxiliary, since the results they give are also obtained by other, simpler examinations listed above. For example, determining the level of vitamin B 12 in the blood allows you to diagnose B 12 deficiency anemia, but the same can be done using a general blood test.

If a high concentration of acetone in the urine is accompanied by regular vomiting some time after eating, the sound of splashing in the stomach several hours after eating, visible peristalsis in the stomach, rumbling in the stomach, sour or rotten belching, heartburn, weakness, fatigue, diarrhea, then the doctor suspects stenosis (narrowing) of the pylorus of the stomach or esophagus, and prescribes the following tests and examinations:

• Ultrasound of the stomach and esophagus (sign up);
• X-ray of the stomach with contrast agent (make an appointment);
• Esophagogastroduodenoscopy;
• Electrogastrography;
• Blood test for hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit level;
• Biochemical blood test (potassium, sodium, calcium, chlorine, urea, creatinine, uric acid);
• Analysis of the acid-base state of the blood;
• Electrocardiogram (ECG).

When, in addition to acetone in the urine, a person has heaviness in the stomach after eating, satiety with a small amount of food, an aversion to meat, poor appetite, nausea, sometimes vomiting, poor general health, fatigue - the doctor suspects stomach cancer and prescribes the following tests and examinations:

• Gastroscopy with sampling biopsy (sign up) suspicious areas of the stomach wall;
• X-rays of light;
• Ultrasound of the abdominal organs;
• Multislice or positron emission tomography;
• Fecal occult blood test;
• General blood analysis;
• Blood test for tumor markers (sign up)(main ones – SA 19-9, SA 72-4, REA, additional SA 242, PK-M2).

If the results of gastroscopy and biopsy histology do not reveal cancer, then no other studies are performed. But if cancer is detected, then to identify metastases in the chest, an x-ray of the lungs is necessarily performed, and to identify metastases in the abdominal cavity, either an ultrasound, or a multispiral computed tomography, or a positron emission tomography is done. A blood test for tumor markers is desirable, but not mandatory, since stomach cancer is detected by other methods, and the concentration of tumor markers allows us to judge the activity of the process and will help in the future to monitor the effectiveness of the therapy.

Treatment of acetonuria

First of all, the doctor will prescribe a strict diet and plenty of fluids. You need to drink water often and little by little; Children should be given a teaspoon every 5-10 minutes.

In this case, raisin decoction and solutions of special medications, such as Regidron or Orsol, are very useful. It is also recommended to drink non-carbonated alkaline water, chamomile infusion or dried fruit decoction.

If a baby or adult cannot drink due to severe vomiting, intravenous drips of fluid are prescribed. With severe vomiting, injections of the drug Cerucal sometimes help.

In addition to drinking plenty of fluids, toxins can be removed from the body using absorbent drugs such as White Coal or Sorbex.

To alleviate the child's condition, you can give him a cleansing enema. And at high temperatures, prepare the following solution for an enema: dilute one tablespoon of salt in one liter of water at room temperature.

Diet with acetone in urine

You can eat meat boiled or stewed, or, in extreme cases, baked. Turkey, rabbit and beef are allowed.

Vegetable soups and borscht, lean fish and cereals are also allowed.

Vegetables, fruits, as well as juices, fruit drinks and compotes perfectly restore water balance and at the same time are a source of vitamins.

Of all the fruits, quince in any form is the most useful. Since this fruit has a rather tart taste, it is best to cook compote or make jam from it.

If you have acetonuria, you should not eat fatty meats and broths, sweets, spices and various canned foods. Fried foods, bananas and citrus fruits are excluded from the menu.

Komarovsky about acetone in urine

Komarovsky says that in recent years, the appearance of acetone in the urine has become quite common in children. The doctor believes this phenomenon is associated with an unbalanced diet in children and the increasing incidence of chronic stomach diseases in childhood. With a diet overloaded with protein and fatty foods, with a lack of carbohydrates, and even if the child has any digestive dysfunction, the resulting ketone bodies are not processed, but begin to be excreted in the urine.

In his program, Komarovsky clearly explains to parents how to structure their child’s nutrition in order to prevent the development of acetonuria.

Acetone in a child’s urine: answers to questions - video

Instructions for use

Ketogluc-1 test strip for determining glucose and ketone bodies in urine n50 instructions for use

Compound

The indicator strip is a strip of plastic measuring 5x(60-75) mm, which serves as a substrate on which the sensor element is located

Description

Semi-quantitative determination of glucose and ketone bodies in urine makes it possible to control the level of glucosuria and ketonuria, choose the appropriate diet, and also adjust the course of treatment.

IT IS IMPORTANT TO KNOW!

There should be no glucose in the urine. At the slightest appearance of glucose, you should immediately consult a doctor. The sensitivity of the touch zone is very high. The most sensitive test in the world (see paragraph "Sensitivity and specificity").

There should be no ketone bodies in the urine. At the slightest appearance of ketone bodies in the urine, you should immediately consult a doctor. The sensitivity of the touch zone is very high.

PRINCIPLE OF THE METHOD

The method for determining ketone bodies in urine is based on a series of sequential chemical reactions between ketone bodies, sodium nitroferricyanide and diamine, which results in the formation of a colored compound. The intensity of the color developed during the chemical reaction is determined by the degree of interaction of sodium nitroferricyanide and diamine with ketone bodies and is proportional to the content of ketone bodies in the urine.

By comparing the color intensity of the sensor element of the strip with the standard on the color scale, the content of ketone bodies in the urine is determined.

The method for determining glucose is based on a specific enzymatic reaction of glucose oxidation to gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Under the influence of the latter, in the presence of the enzyme peroxidase, the chromogen is oxidized and a colored compound is formed. The degree of conversion of the chromogen, and, consequently, the intensity of the color, is proportional to the glucose content in the urine being tested.

By comparing the color intensity of the chromogen with the standard on a color scale, the glucose content in the urine is determined.

CHARACTERISTICS AND COMPOSITION

The indicator strip is a strip of plastic measuring 5x(60-75) mm, which serves as a substrate on which the sensor element is located.

The first sensor element is a specially treated material 5x(3-6) mm in size, containing sodium nitroferricyanide and diamine, located at a distance of 1-2 mm from the edge of the substrate, which ensures the occurrence of chemical reactions and the formation of a colored complex.

The second sensor element is a specially processed material 5x(3-6) mm in size, containing the enzymes glucose oxidase and peroxidase, chromogen and stabilizers, located at a distance of 1-2 mm from the edge of the first sensor element, which ensures the oxidation reactions of glucose and chromogen and formation of a colored complex.

Indicator strips are supplied as a set, which is available in two versions depending on the packaging.

Option A. 25, 50, 75 or 100 indicator strips, packed in a pencil case with a lid. The pencil case is equipped with a moisture-absorbing element - finely porous silica gel.

Option B. 1, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, 75 or 100 indicator strips, individually packaged in a laminated aluminum foil pouch containing a sachet of silica gel.

Each set of indicator strips is supplied with a label and instructions for use. The label contains two color scales, consisting of a number of color fields, next to each of which the corresponding concentration of ketone bodies or glucose is indicated.

Test strip

Selling Features

Without a license

Indications

for simultaneous visual qualitative or semi-quantitative determination of glucose and ketone bodies in human urine

Mode of application

Dosage

Open the pencil case or open the package and remove the indicator strip from it. (in the case of a pencil case, immediately close the pencil case tightly with the lid). Immerse the sensory elements of the Strip completely in urine. After 4-5 seconds, remove the strip and remove excess liquid on the sensory elements with a sharp movement of the hand, or by carefully touching the edge of the strip to clean filter paper for 2-3 seconds, or by carefully touching the edge of the strip to the wall of the container with urine. Place the indicator strip on a flat, clean, dry surface with the sensor elements facing up.

After 2 minutes from the moment the sensory elements are immersed in urine, compare the color of the sensory element with the corresponding color scale on the kit packaging label in good lighting.

A change in the color of sensory elements indicates the presence of ketone bodies and glucose in the urine (qualitative determination). Semi-quantitative determination is carried out by comparing the color of sensory elements with the corresponding color fields of the scales.

Today, there are research methods that a person, if certain symptoms appear, can conduct himself, at home. Test strips for acetone in urine refer specifically to such studies. If there is a sharp increase in temperature, vomiting, weakness in an adult or child, it is recommended to conduct a test to determine the level of acetone in the urine. An increase in indicators not detected in time is fraught with serious consequences.

Express tests for analyzing certain substances in urine are available in the pharmacy chain.

What are they?

To quickly determine ketone bodies in urine, test strips are used, which can be purchased at the pharmacy yourself. No additional contact with medical professionals is required. Test strips for determining acetone come in plastic, metal containers or glass bottles. Their quantity in a package can be from 5 to 200 units. Each test strip is made of litmus and impregnated with a special composition for determining acetone in urine.

When are they used?

This method is used both at home and in various medical institutions. Test strips for determining ketones in urine are used:

How does the express method work?

Each test strip reacts by changing color indicators when interacting with a low-alkaline environment. This is what helps determine elevated acetone levels. Based on the color shade that appears after the procedure, the ketone concentration in the body is determined. To measure acetone and its concentration, it is necessary to compare the obtained indicator values ​​with examples on the container. In case of sharply positive reactions (the brightest shades), you should immediately contact a qualified specialist for consultation, examination and further treatment. Ketones in urine can be extremely dangerous to humans.

Instructions

Preparation

Instructions for using indicator test strips for determining acetone in urine may vary depending on the manufacturer. However, the main requirements are:

• conducting research at a temperature of +15-+30°C;
• avoiding touching your hands with the sensory elements of the dough strips;
• after removing the test material from the package, it should be used within an hour;
• monitoring the tightness of the container closure;
• Only collected urine is used in the study (storage of urine for analysis is allowed for no more than 2 hours);
• collected urine for ketone testing should be placed only in a sterile container.