Social technologies with family and children. Technologies of social work with families and children. The essence of social problems of the modern family
Family - a group consisting of two or more persons living together, maintaining a common household for the purpose of providing food or other essential items, related by blood, adoption or marriage.
Family - is a small social group based on marriage or consanguinity, whose members are connected by a common life, mutual responsibilities and emotional closeness.
FAMILY CODE OF THE RF December 29, 1995 N 223-FZ Art. 1 - Family legislation is based on the need to strengthen the family, build family relationships on feelings of mutual love and respect, mutual assistance and responsibility to the family of all its members, the inadmissibility of arbitrary interference by anyone in family affairs, ensuring the unhindered exercise by family members of their rights, the possibility of judicial protection these rights.
They are classified according to the level of socio-psychological health:
Prosperous,
Families of social risk groups,
disadvantaged,
Antisocial.
Kinds:
Young families.
Large families (national traditions, dysfunctional families, religion).
Single-parent families (low income).
Single mothers.
Adoptive family.
Families with disabled children.
Families are forced, displaced.
Families of conscripts.
Unemployed families.
Families of disabled people (labor rehabilitation).
Complete small family.
Abuse in the family (hotels, shelters).
Social technologies works:
Collection and processing of information about a family in need of help (diagnosis of the social and psychological health of the family, determination of the level of conflict).
Technologies for providing social assistance to families (intermediary, economic, social, material, etc.).
Technologies for direct work of a specialist with a client on specific issues (divorce, guardianship). - forecasting technologies, assessing the quality of social services. services, etc.
Social services for families in protection centers.
Rehabilitation - a system of measures to restore lost well-being in family relationships or form new ones (training groups, counseling, seminars, “helpline”).
Prevention - a set of preventive measures that contribute to the full functioning of the family and the prevention of possible problems.
Psychocorrectional measures , changes in self-esteem of adults and children.
The purpose of social help - preservation of the family as a social Institute. Help can be emergency, aimed at the survival of the family, urgent, with the immediate removal from the family of children who are in danger or left without parental care, aimed at maintaining family stability, at the social development of the family and its members.
To protect children from abuse in the family, a thorough study of the situation in the family with the participation of social workers is necessary. employee, psychologist, doctor, internal affairs officer. Aggression, indifference, sexual harassment, beatings, problems with food, failure to attend school, developmental delays are a pretext for initiating a case for deprivation of parental rights or criminal prosecution of the perpetrator of abuse.
When working with “difficult” children and adolescents provides for diagnostics of the family and school situation, identification of the child’s primary social network, mandatory analysis of his medical, social and intellectual-psychological status, counseling of the family social. teacher
Families of “risk groups”: (alcoholism, drug addiction, substance abuse).
Single-parent family can form for various reasons: a woman raising a child alone, a wife’s divorce from her husband (the husband drinks, beats, does not work, etc.).
Reasons for forming an incomplete family: Social tension in society, social injustice, unemployment, high prices and low wages, lack of psychological adaptation to new existing conditions. Hence, upbringing in single-parent families (for example: the mother is forced to earn money from 2-3 jobs, and the children are left to their own devices, hence drugs, drunkenness, bad company, possible crime).
The role of the S.R. specialist in helping for large families: psychological consultation, which will help identify the causes of disadaptation, will help with career guidance for mothers, fathers, and teenage children; training, auto-training, correction, psychotherapy.
When working with the family of an alcoholic Diagnosis involves identifying the underlying cause of alcohol abuse. To do this, it is necessary to study the personalities of all family members. The causes of alcohol abuse may be family predisposition, personality instability, and addiction. Next, a program of work with the drug addict, his family, and social services is drawn up. environment - these are therapeutic measures, consultations, psychotherapy, social and labor rehabilitation of the alcoholic himself. The Alcoholics Anonymous movement, the Children of Alcoholics Anonymous program, and Narcotics Anonymous are effective technologies for creating a favorable environment for recovery from alcoholism
Social working with conflicted families begins with a thorough study of the actual family problem, about which spouses most often have incorrect ideas, familiarization with the personalities of the spouses, their family and marital attitudes. External difficulties are the financial well-being of the family, uncertainty about the future, and unemployment. Spouses may adhere to different family models, have divergent views on raising children, and are characterized by outbursts of emotions. Family therapy includes finding a compromise and teaching non-conflict communication skills. This work is carried out through individual conversations and interviews, group psychotherapy. One of the methods is constructing a family genogram. When creating a family tree with the help of a family therapist, family members are involved in a single activity, complementing each other. The “family agreement” technique is provided. development of a mutually acceptable list of obligations of both parties, formalized in a bilateral agreement and signed by both spouses. Analysis of its implementation helps to adjust subsequent work with the family. Resolving family problems is, first of all, the responsibility of the family members themselves.
Problems of families raising a disabled child: register a disabled child, receive subsidies, apply for benefits, employment, problems with work, for example: a mother, if she is raising him alone.
Assistance is provided on the basis of the following laws:
1. Law “On social protection of disabled people in the Russian Federation”.
2. Federal program “Disabled Children”.
4. Federal Law “On Social Services for Elderly Citizens and Disabled Persons”.
5. Federal Law “On the Protection of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation”.
The role of social employee- organization of medical care for people with disabilities (medical and social rehabilitation in a hospital or at home, in the organization of sanitary resort treatment. Analyze the social situation in the family, provide additional jobs for people with disabilities, organize work for them at home, etc. .
COMPLEX FAMILY- cohabitation of a young and parental family eliminates the need for a number of social services. services performed by the members themselves. families. SR directions- social support for young and pregnant women, families, medical-psychiatric-pedagogical counseling on various issues of family life, prevention of family conflicts, through various events.
FAMILY COUNSELING- this is qualified advice, assistance to people experiencing various problems. The social worker, together with the client, examines the problem and looks for ways to resolve it, gives specific advice and recommendations - One of the leading methods.
When studying family it is used pedagogical experiment Parents are actively involved in experimental work, cat. is conducted in kindergarten and needs reinforcement and continuation in a family setting.
INTERVIEW METHOD- requires the creation of conditions, cat. favor the sincerity of respondents. Productivity increases if they are held in an informal setting.
SURVEY METHOD- allows you to collect a lot of data. It is possible to obtain and process the material.
PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL TRAINING- they usually cover members of several families who sympathize with each other and have similar problems of home education. Training topics can be “do I know my child”, “how to behave with an aggressive child”, “how to raise a child without a father”. The group's activities are closed to outsiders.
ST. PETERSBURG UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMICS
Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences<#"center">Course work
by discipline
"Technology of social work"
"Technology of social work with families"
Performed)
3rd year student
groups 1243-1/3-1
correspondence courses
Kuznetsova N.N.
St. Petersburg 2014
Introduction
Chapter 1. Family and social work: conceptual apparatus
1 The concept of family
2 Family functions
3 Family as an object of social work
Chapter 2. Technologies of social work with families
1 The essence of social problems of the modern family
2 Technologies of social work with families
3 Family policy as a current area of social work
Conclusion
Introduction
The family, as an association of people connected by kinship, parenthood, and marriage, is a connecting link between the individual and society, and performs the functions of physical and sociocultural replacement of generations.
The family is the primary protective environment of the individual. However, it can become a cause of deprivation and infringement of the individual and a factor in life crises. The family is a necessary value for the life and development of every person, plays an important role in the life of society and the state, in raising new generations, ensuring social stability and progress.
Despite the crisis features that the family acquired at the beginning of the 21st century, it continues to be an important factor in building the image of the modern social world. Society is interested in a spiritually strong, stably functioning family that maintains a high intensity of kinship relationships, capable of raising a biologically socially psychologically healthy person. This is the relevance of the topic of this course work.
The purpose of writing this course work is the social problems of the family in modern Russian society as an object of study of social work.
To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set:
a) consider the functions of the family;
b) study technologies of social work with the family as a system;
c) reveal the main problems of family and family policy in modern Russian society.
The practical significance of this work is determined by an attempt to reach the consciousness of every person that the key to a prosperous society is a happy family, that family values are destined to live on condition that they are treated with care and passed on to future generations.
Structurally, the course work consists of an introduction to two chapters, a conclusion and a list of references. The first chapter provides a conceptual framework that allows us to consider the family as an object of study in social work. The second chapter examines technologies of social work with the family as a system and analyzes the problems of family and family policy in modern Russian society.
Chapter 1. Family and social work: conceptual apparatus
1 The concept of family
Being one of the ancient forms of institutional organization of social life, the family arose much earlier than religion, the state, the army, education, and the market.
The concept of family varies among different peoples and has changed significantly in different periods of human history. The protection of family relationships is regulated by various branches of law, which interpret the concept of “family” differently. There is no uniform definition of family in monographic studies.
We can distinguish two groups of characteristics according to the definition of this concept: 1) sociological and 2) legal in nature.
In sociology, the family is defined as a social institution characterized by certain social norms, sanctions, patterns of behavior, rights and responsibilities that regulate relations between spouses, parents and children.
Along with this sociological definition, there is also a legal concept of family. In the legal sense, family is a legal connection. A family in the legal sense can be defined as a circle of persons bound by rights and obligations arising from marriage, kinship, adoption or other form of adoption of children and recognized to contribute to the strengthening and development of family relationships on moral principles.
As a social institution, the family is integrated into the segment of society of which it is an element. Therefore, the needs and interests of the family are satisfied in accordance with the opportunities provided by society. These opportunities are realized by the family in a wide range of social relations - marriage and kinship, legal and social, household and economic, moral and ethical, psychological and emotional. In the family, personal needs are streamlined, organized on the basis of social values, norms and patterns of behavior accepted in society and in the subculture to which the family belongs, and, ultimately, acquire the character of social functions.
The most important function of the family for society and the state is the socialization of the individual and the transmission of cultural heritage to new generations. A feature of socialization in the family is its duration: the mutual influence of children and parents lasts almost a lifetime. The socialization of adults rather changes external behavior, while the socialization of children shapes value orientations. Socialization in adults is designed to help a person acquire certain skills; socialization in childhood deals more with the motivation of behavior. Socialization means the process of constant cognition, consolidation and creative development by a person of the rules and norms of behavior dictated to him by society.
The family as a system performs the most important function of social and emotional protection of its members. In the family, a person feels the value of his life, finds selfless dedication, a willingness to sacrifice himself for the sake of the lives of loved ones. This function is associated with another - a recreational, restorative function, which is aimed at restoring and strengthening the physical, psychological, emotional and spiritual strength of a person after a hard working day. It is known that married life has a beneficial effect on the health of the spouses, and on the body of men to a greater extent than women.
Thus, the social significance of the family lies in the integrity that is inherent in the family both as a social community, and as a small social group, and as a social institution.
1.2 Family functions
The American scientist Abraham Maslow, structuring human needs, divided them into:
) physiological and sexual needs;
) existential needs for the security of one’s existence; 3) social needs for communication;
) prestigious needs for recognition;
) spiritual needs for self-realization.
The social functions of the family, which play a huge role in public life, are directly related to human needs. Thus, the reproductive function of the family performs the most important task: biological and, in part, social reproduction of the population - after all, the foundation for human socialization is laid in the family.
The family as a social community is the primary element that mediates the connection of the individual with society: it forms the child’s idea of social connections and includes him in them from birth. In the family, a person first encounters the division of labor in housekeeping and self-care. Hence the next most important function of the family is the socialization of the individual, the transfer of cultural heritage to new generations. The human need for children, their upbringing and socialization gives meaning to human life itself through the implementation of the reproductive function. It is quite obvious that the priority of the family as the main form of socialization of the individual is due to natural biological reasons. The family, as the main agent of socialization, contributes to the assimilation of behavioral patterns and forms of activity necessary for inclusion in the status-role dispositions of society. At the same time, the social status function is associated with the reproduction of the social structure of society, as it provides a certain social status to family members.
The family has more advantages in the socialization of the individual compared to other groups due to the special moral-emotional psychological atmosphere of sensitivity, respect, love and care. The level of emotional and intellectual development of children raised outside the family is lower. Their ability to sympathize and empathize, their ability to love their neighbor is slowed down. The first five years in a child’s life are especially important, because it is during these years that the foundations of personality are laid - speech, emotions, character, memory, intelligence, thinking. The family carries out socialization in the most crucial period of life, provides an individual approach to the development of the child, and promptly identifies his abilities, interests, and needs.
Due to the fact that the closest and most intimate relationships that can exist between people develop in the family, the law of social inheritance comes into force. No wonder people say: “The father is a fisherman and the children look into the water.” Children in their character, temperament, and behavior style are in many ways similar to their parents. Each family has its own cultural environment, its own atmosphere, which has the greatest impact on the child. The effectiveness of parenthood as an institution for the socialization of the individual is also ensured by the fact that it is permanent and long-term in nature, lasting throughout life, as long as parents and children are alive.
The next most important function of the family is existential, i.e. social emotional protection of their loved ones. It is known that the essence of any phenomenon is especially clearly manifested in an extreme situation. In a situation that threatens life and health, most people strive to be close to their families. In a family, a person understands and feels the value of his life, finds selfless dedication, a willingness to sacrifice himself for the sake of the lives of loved ones. The knowledge that a person is needed and dear to someone, that he is loved, supports morale and confidence. The care of family members for each other, emotional and other protection within the family binds family members with mutual responsibility. It is based not only on the law, but is also characterized by a high degree of voluntariness and a desire to bear responsibility.
The next most important function of the family is economic and household. The essence of this function, from an individual point of view, is to receive material resources and household services by some family members from others, and from a public point of view, to support minors and disabled members of society. Family property is generally owned by the wife and husband, and the marital shares of property are recognized as equal.
The restorative (or recreational) function is aimed at restoring and strengthening a person’s emotional, psychological, physical and spiritual strength after a hard day at work. This function has not been sufficiently studied, but scientists have reliable facts proving the positive impact of the family on the health of spouses. For example: single life contributes (directly or indirectly) to the appearance of such serious diseases as ulcers, neurasthenia, hypertension.
The leisure function organizes rational leisure and exercises control in the field of leisure, in addition, it satisfies certain needs of the individual in leisure activities.
The sexual function of the family exercises sexual control and is aimed at satisfying the sexual needs of the spouses.
Each function plays a certain role in the life of the family and is important both for society and for the individual.
Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that the family is one of the fundamental institutions of society, which gives it stability and also allows it to replenish the population in each next generation. At the same time, the family acts as a small group - the most cohesive and stable unit of society. Throughout life, a person becomes part of many different groups, but only the family remains the group that he never leaves.
3 Family as an object of social work
The objects of social work are an individual, a small group, or the population of a certain localized territory (in whole or in part).
A distinctive feature of social work objects is the presence of a difficult life situation: disability; inability to self-care due to old age, illness; orphanhood; neglect; poverty; unemployment; lack of a specific place of residence; conflicts and abuse in the family; loneliness. When accepting the family as an object of social work, it is necessary to take into account its structure, environment, functioning, traditions and customs. All social problems characteristic of modern society are reflected in the family, therefore all types of social work technologies are applicable to it to one degree or another - aimed at the social rehabilitation of disabled people or disabled children, providing assistance to the poor, women, military personnel, etc. there are also specific technologies designed to provide assistance to the family as such. Currently, there are more than 40 million families in the Russian Federation. The most common type is the nuclear family (from the Latin nucleus - core), which consists of one pair spouses with or without children. There are 2/3 of such families in the Russian Federation. A nuclear family can be complete or incomplete (consisting of one parent with children). Number of single-parent families (as a result of divorce, widowhood, birth of a child to an unmarried woman, etc.) Currently, 6.2 million families in the country are single-parent: in Russia there are 5.6 million single mothers and 634.5 thousand .single fathers. At the same time, about 9.5 thousand single parents are raising five or more children. According to statistics, more than half of parents who do not live with children periodically deviate from paying child support, and every third does not pay it at all. Families can also differ in the presence or absence of children and in their number. According to any statistics, the main trend in the development of families with children today is a decrease in the average number of children (under 18 years old) in a family, as well as a decrease in the number of two-parent (mother, father, children) and large families. So, according to data for 2013, the number of families without children is 48.3%, with 1 child - 33.8%, with two - 14.6%, with 3 or more - 3.3%. There is also a typology of social risk, i.e., the identification of families that, due to objective or subjective reasons, are in a state of life difficulties and need help from the state system of social protection and social services. These are low-income families; families with an excessive dependent load (large families or those with disabled people), in which there is more than one dependent per worker; families raising disabled children; single-parent families; families of refugees and internally displaced persons; families of conscripts. In recent years, new categories of such families have appeared: families whose members work in enterprises and institutions where wages are not paid/delayed for months; families of the unemployed; families living in disadvantaged regions. Chapter 2. Technologies of social work with families 1 The essence of social problems of the modern family Since the life of the family is determined by the laws of development of society, then, as a social institution, it has gone through a long path of development and adaptation to a wide variety of conditions, which has led to a change in the role and functions of the family in modern society. Initially, the family was the main form of life and concentrated in itself all the main functions to ensure human life. But at present it is difficult to identify a specific type of activity that is characteristic only of the family, because The family shares a number of functions with other social institutions. Thus, the complex of problems of all types of families is determined by the question of the purpose of the family in the modern world. All the problems that exist in modern families can be divided into the following groups: .fertility and family planning problems; .family stability problems; .socio-economic; .socio-psychological; .social and domestic; .problems of family education; .specific problems of families at risk. Problems of fertility and family planning. Demographic trends in Russia are extremely unfavorable. The population of Russia stopped reproducing itself back in 1964-1965. Since then, Russian society has entered a phase of so-called latent depopulation, when, despite the birth rate falling below threshold values, the population continues to grow for some time due to inertia, but not for long. The natural decline began in 1992 and continues to increase. In the period from 1990 to 2010 it reached 7.7 million people, and in 2010-2030 it will amount to another 11.5 million people. According to Rosstat forecasts, the population of Russia in 2010-2020 will decline annually by an average of 21 million, and in 2020-2030 - by 13.8 million per year. One of the main directions for solving the demographic problem is to increase the birth rate and increase the number of children in the family. The family structure of Russia is now dominated by small families: only 6% of families are raising three or more children (in Western European countries this figure is 12-15%)]. However, according to demographic calculations, for simple population reproduction, about 50% of all families must have 3-4 children. However, women and families who have a desire to have a second and third child often cannot decide to take such an action. Why? There are several reasons here: Housing issue and material living conditions; Lack of a developed and accessible network of preschool education institutions; The importance of public opinion regarding large families. We associate a family with several children with poverty and deviance; Difficulty finding a marriage partner. Problems of stability of a modern family. This issue consists of the state and dynamics of family divorces, their socio-typological and regional aspects, causes of divorce, matrimonial values, marital satisfaction as a factor The instability of family life is expressed primarily in the increasing number of divorces. According to the UN Demographic Yearbook 2012, Russia is the first among the countries with the highest number of divorces. The UN statistics department uses the number of divorces per 1000 people as the initial figure. In Russia - 5%, the highest figure in the world. The instability of family life is also manifested in the constant reduction in the number of children per married couple. Finally, another sign of an unstable family lifestyle is the belief that being single is an attractive and comfortable lifestyle. As a result, a person completely refuses to bear children. Women increasingly began to deliberately postpone having a child and free up time for other tasks: education, starting a career, experimenting with lifestyle. This life position also has its extreme form - communities of consciously childless people, or childfree (childfree, English - “free from children”). Socio-economic problems. This group includes problems related to the family’s standard of living and its budget (including the consumer budget of the average family). Thus, the population with incomes below the subsistence level in 2012 amounted to 15.6 million people (11% of the total population). Most often, young families experience socio-economic problems. Thus, 78% of young families receive constant support from parents or relatives, 12% have parents who help from time to time, and only 3.6% of young families have a sufficient independent budget. This material support from close relatives of the older generation places a heavy burden on the latter, since it is they who often solve the housing problems of the young, issues of paying for the education of the young, financial assistance at the birth of a child, take out mortgage loans, etc. This is due to the fact that, firstly: the wages of young specialists, and especially women, are not high; secondly: the salaries of young women are often unstable due to maternity leave. It seems important to question what types of assistance are primarily needed by young families. According to research results, 35% of young families surveyed responded that they needed financial assistance from the state, 5% for food and essential goods, and 25.4% for employment of family members. Social and psychological problems. This group includes the widest range of problems: they are associated with dating, choosing a marriage partner and further - marital and family adaptation, coordination of family and intrafamily roles, personal autonomy and self-affirmation in the family. In addition, it also includes problems of marital compatibility, family conflicts, family cohesion as a small group, and domestic violence. Social and everyday problems. This group includes problems related to providing families with housing, living conditions, as well as the consumer budget of the average family, the share in the structure of society of low-income families and families living below the poverty line, the financial difficulties of large and young families, the state system of assistance to the low-income families. Problems of family education. In this group of family problems, the following can be considered: the state of family education, types of families according to the criterion of education, parental roles, the child’s position in the family, conditions for the effectiveness and failures of family education. These problems are naturally related to socio-psychological and family stability problems. Problems of families at risk. At the beginning of the 21st century, according to research by Russian sociologists, one of the typical trends in social development is the growth of family dysfunction. In recent years, the economic crisis has only intensified the already difficult financial situation of a large number of families. The moral problems of society complicate the system of value relations in the family, and the rather low level of pedagogical culture reduces the educational potential of the family. Dysfunctional families can be divided into two large groups, each of which includes several varieties. The first group includes families with a clear form of disadvantage. These are the so-called problematic, conflict-ridden, asocial, immoral-criminal families and families with a lack of educational resources (for example, single-parent families). The second group consists of outwardly respectable families. From the public, their lifestyle does not cause concern or criticism. However, the values and behavior of parents in them sharply diverge from universal moral values, which negatively affects the moral character of children raised in such families. A characteristic feature of these families is that the relationships of their members at the external, social level make a favorable impression. However, they have a destructive impact on the personal development of children. Trouble in the family can manifest itself in varying degrees. There are three groups of families in which the degree of disadvantage manifests itself to varying degrees. Families in which problems have minor manifestations, are at the initial stage of development of troubles. They are called conditionally adapted, preventive. These are generally prosperous families, but experiencing temporary problems and difficulties. Every family has a risk of finding themselves in a difficult life situation. Families in which several functions are disrupted and social contradictions and relationships between family members with each other and the environment are aggravated to a critical level. This type of family is classified as a crisis or “at-risk” family. Families who faced a lot of difficulties and often lost all life perspective in relation to their fate and the fate of their own children. In these types of families, dysfunction manifests itself to a greater extent, which is why most researchers call them dysfunctional families. If a prosperous family cannot cope with temporary problems and difficult life situations that have arisen, then it can be classified as a family at risk. Similarly, if a family at risk does not resolve the contradictions that have arisen on its own or with the help of specialists and the crisis situation drags on, worsens and, as a result, actualizes other contradictions, then it may become unfavorable. At the same time, the opposite reversal may occur. So, for example, timely social and pedagogical assistance provided to a family at risk will allow it to not become disadvantaged in the future, but may become conditionally adapted and even prosperous. A family at risk may be classified as such by the manifestation of one or more risk factors. .Socio-economic factors (unemployed families, families leading an immoral lifestyle, large and single-parent families, low-income families, minor parents); .Socio-cultural factors (families whose parents are characterized by different levels of general culture, have different levels of education: secondary, higher); .Demographic factor as an indicator of the structure and composition of the family (full, maternal, complex, simple, one child, large), as well as place and living conditions (rural area, city, metropolis); .Medical and biological factors (impairments in physical and mental development, hereditary causes, diseases of the mother, her lifestyle, etc.); .Psychological factors (self-rejection, alienation from the social environment, neurotic reactions, impaired communication with others, emotional instability, difficulties in communication, interaction with peers and adults, failure in activities, failure in social adaptation); .Pedagogical factors (low level of spiritual and pedagogical culture of parents, lack of uniform tactics for raising children). Trouble in the family is a definite factor in the maladjustment of children. There are different approaches to solve this problem: · correction of intrafamily relationships; · providing the child with an individual approach to learning; · inclusion of the teenager in class-wide and school-wide activities; · assistance in choosing a further educational route; · orientation in choosing a profession; · developing skills that facilitate the socialization of a teenager; · organizing individual consultations with a psychologist; · inclusion of a teenager in a training group to develop the ability to effectively interact with the social environment and make significant changes in their life; · training in techniques for relieving unfavorable conditions. 2.2 Technologies of social work with families ) information function: · collecting vital information about the various families in the region served, their needs and problems; · transfer of received information to authorities and departments that are able to provide assistance to the family. ) preparation of documents: · generation of necessary documentation; · assistance in writing statements and other documents to individual family members; 4) intermediary function: · organizing communication between the family and the necessary structures or specialists; · establishing contacts between them; 5) control: obtaining information about the assistance provided to the family and its effectiveness; ) social service: · providing the family with various types of benefits (money, medicine, food, clothing, tickets, vouchers, etc.); · providing assistance at home, performing one-time errands. Based on this, the social worker is called upon to perform the following functions: · diagnostic (studying the characteristics of the family, identifying its potential); · security and protective (legal support for the family, ensuring its social guarantees, creating conditions for the realization of its rights and freedoms); · organizational and communicative (organization of communication, initiation of joint activities, joint leisure, creativity); · social, psychological and pedagogical (psychological and pedagogical education of family members, provision of emergency psychological assistance, preventive support); · prognostic (modeling situations and developing specific targeted assistance programs); · coordination (establishing and maintaining connections, combining the efforts of departments of assistance to families and children, departments of family problems of internal affairs bodies, social teachers of educational institutions, rehabilitation centers and services); · internal affairs bodies, social teachers of educational institutions, rehabilitation centers and services. Social work with young families. Most young people at the beginning of their married life are faced with problems that they may have heard about before, but did not think they would have to solve. In modern conditions, a young family is not always able to get out of difficult life situations on its own; it needs outside help. Such assistance can be provided by social protection services and a social work specialist, helping to restore the status and role of a young family through the use of social work technologies. A stable, prosperous family can function only with certain preparation of young people for joint family life. The efforts of social work specialists should be aimed at restoring the status and role of the young family as an institution of primary socialization of a person. This is precisely what the actions of all social services and specialists working with young families should be aimed at. The task of a social worker is to help create a sense of security in the family; he must be firmly convinced of the correctness of his actions, and be able to clearly state his goals to the clients with whom he intends to work. The responsibilities of a social work specialist when working with young families include: · preparing young people for marriage; · advising those getting married on issues of their compatibility in future family life; · conducting a sociological study of young families in the Russian Federation; · organizing monitoring of the activities of regional and municipal public associations and clubs; · development of methodological recommendations for organizing work with young families in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation; · development of methodological recommendations for youth affairs specialists on working with young families in difficult life situations; · participation in the organization and holding of seminars, conferences on young family issues and festivals of young families in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation; · development and distribution of information materials to help young families. Social work with single-parent families. A single-parent, or single-parent family consists of a single mother (single father) with a child (children); divorced woman (divorced man) with child (children); widow (widower) with a child or children. It is obvious that single-parent families are more susceptible to negative factors. In such families, the roles and functions of both parents are forced to be performed by one. Normally, the family has certain functions: reproductive, educational, household, economic, leisure, social and status. In single-parent families, these functions can be distorted, which affects the status of family members, the process of socialization of the child, the formation of his value system and worldview. One of the problems in such families is loneliness, and potentially all its members are susceptible to it. Social work with a single-parent family is assistance to the family from society, the state as a whole, through legislation and regulations that provide social protection and adaptation of the institution of the family and individual groups of the population. Let us name the main forms of state assistance to single-parent families: · social patronage; · provision of temporary shelter; · social services in hospitals; · material aid; · organization of day care in family social service institutions; · advisory assistance; · rehabilitation services. Government services providing assistance to single-parent families in solving their problems: · Court: considers cases of divorce, transfer of a child to one of the parents, division of property, deprivation of parental rights. Also provides assistance in collecting child support from the father (mother) of the child. · Territorial law enforcement agencies: identify and work with families who are characterized by deviations from legal norms, child abuse, prepare documents on deprivation of parental rights, etc.; · Social Protection Committee of the local government. In the person of the child protection inspector, he participates in the preparation of cases of deprivation of parental rights and goes to court with claims, develops proposals on with whom the child should be left when a divorce is filed, helps divorced parents decide on the nature of participation in raising children; · Territorial bodies of social protection of the population: provide assistance in obtaining benefits for children, pensions, and also provide information about benefits; · Psychological assistance services to the population: provide psychotherapeutic and consulting services to single parents in solving their pedagogical and personal problems; · Employment services: assist in finding a suitable place of work for single parents, including with a special schedule. Social work with large families. Social work with large families is aimed at solving everyday family problems, strengthening and developing positive family relationships, restoring internal resources, stabilizing the positive results achieved in the socio-economic situation and focusing on the realization of socializing potential. Social work with a large family is aimed at improving its well-being and ensuring its functioning in the interests of society. And although in recent years there have been fewer such families in the Russian Federation, their problems are getting worse. Social work with this category of families involves: · material support; · assistance in overcoming dependent life attitudes, · mastering the techniques of services (home hairdresser, seamstress, massage therapist, etc.); · increasing the level of legal literacy, familiarization with the content of regulatory documents in order to receive declared benefits; · minimizing the feeling of loneliness, forgetfulness, difference; · exchange of experience in organizing family life; · expanding your social circle; · psychological and pedagogical education; · assistance in career guidance and employment of family members. Let us list various institutions and services that provide practical assistance to large families. · Local social services: receive information about the needs and requirements of families; · Health care institutions: provide practical medical care; · Various children's and youth organizations: organize leisure and recreation for children from large families; · Employment centers: provide employment assistance to parents with many children and provide their children with the opportunity to work part-time during school or during the summer holidays. Social work with families with an unfavorable psychological microclimate, conflictual relationships, and pedagogical failure of parents. Principles of working with dysfunctional families: ) non-use of accusations and reproaches, even well-deserved ones; instead - social protection, creating confidence in the possibility of overcoming the crisis; ) individual approach: solving specific problems of a particular family and child in real life conditions and places of their stay; ) trusting relationship between the social worker and all members of a dysfunctional family; ) building relationships with the family on a business basis using methods such as a contract, a plan; ) respect for the norms and values of family members; ) orientation to development, based on the positive potential of the family, its ability to self-help; ) use of a wide range of methods and approaches in the work of specialists. Stages of working with a dysfunctional family: · acquaintance; · joining the family; · family studies; · analysis of the information received; · correction, restoration of relationships within the family; · leaving the family. The main goal of working with parents is to eliminate the shortcomings of family education, prevent and correct disharmonious family relationships. Tasks of working with parents: · outreach work: explaining the influence of the type of family upbringing and marital relationships on the development of negative deviations in the behavior of children. The work is carried out both at the federal/regional levels and at the level of educational institutions. The forms of such work are thematic parent meetings with the participation of specialists, conversations, seminars, lectures, etc.; · diagnostic work: diagnosing parents’ attitudes towards their family and children, such as family upbringing. The results make it possible to obtain information about possible deviations in the family education system and to identify areas of possible problems in those families where the imbalance has not yet occurred, but there are already negative trends. The work is carried out in a group or individual way using test questionnaires; · correctional work: restoration of normal relationships between its members and correction of existing deviations in family education. The forms of correctional work are very diverse: joint group psychotherapy of children and parents, group family psychotherapy, individual psychotherapeutic work with an individual family or its individual member. Thus, the work of social work specialists with families with an unfavorable psychological microclimate, conflictual relationships, and pedagogical failure of parents should be focused on the implementation of a set of measures for the early detection and prevention of conflict and family dysfunction. This work also includes activities to create conditions for the social rehabilitation of crisis families and correct the current family situation. 2.3 Family policy as a current area of social work The family is a special social institution, a transmitter of fundamental values from generation to generation, an intermediary between the individual and the state. The public need for a strong family policy is due to a number of reasons. First of all, it is an essential social tool that unites society, reduces social tensions based on the actualization of family values and family lifestyle. Family policy makes it possible to ensure coordination of the activities of social institutions in the interests of the family in all spheres of its functioning, to identify and comprehend the features of interaction between society and the family as a social community. Family policy, aimed not only at supporting individual families, but also at overcoming the crisis of the family as such, is a vital necessity. The development trends of the modern family are determined by: .Pan-European processes of transformation of the family and family values, including their crisis and modernization aspects (increasing share of cohabitation without marriage registration, high proportion of children born out of wedlock, later marriage, etc.). .Reforms in the economic and social sphere of Russia over the last twenty years have determined the specifics of family development characteristic of countries with transition economies, which, in turn, has updated the development of effective family policy. .The institution of the family in Russia is characterized by a significant mosaic, a variety of models, including both patriarchal and modern. The problem of unsatisfactory performance by the family of its functions is, for the most part, a problem of the relationship and interaction of society and the family. Understanding at the state level of transformation and crisis as a threat to national security and as a problem requiring an urgent solution serves as an incentive to develop family policy models that are adequate to modern realities. World experience shows that family problems are more effectively solved with the help of targeted state family policy. Systems of such policies, created in many countries of the world, play an important role in the development and implementation of national programs for the development and strengthening of the family. The solution to all problems without exception depends on the effectiveness of family policy - from ensuring security, population reproduction to the formation of human capital, which creates conditions for a competitive economy and, ultimately, historical survival. The state's interest in family policy has a pragmatic basis - first of all, from the point of view of the need to overcome depopulation and form an individual who is ready to act not only in his own interests, but also in the interests of society. Creating the most favorable conditions for creating a family, having and raising children, and improving the quality and life expectancy is the main means of overcoming unfavorable demographic trends. When considering the need to implement a new concept and program measures for effective family policy, it is necessary to rely on qualitatively different moral guidelines than the “achievement morality” of success that has occupied a dominant position in modern society. The harsh conditions of a competitive society force both women and men to choose: career or family. And people often make a choice in favor of the strategy that is more welcomed in society. It is necessary to ensure a wave of social change, in which the state and other public institutions will give support for the family, the birth and upbringing of children a new priority status; implement a new concept of family policy that recognizes the social and personal significance of family life. In the history of Russia, the only concept characterizing the strategic development of family policy was approved on May 12, 1993 by the National Council for the preparation and implementation of the International Year of the Family in the Russian Federation (Concept of State Family Policy of the Russian Federation). The concept considered state family policy as an integral part of Russian social policy and was based on the need for structural changes aimed at mutual adaptation of the family and the economy during the period of reforms. With the adoption of the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation “On the Main Directions of State Family Policy” (dated May 14, 1996 No. 712), family policy for the first time received a state definition. The development of state family policy in the medium and long term is determined by the extent to which family problems and the need to solve them are reflected in the country’s socio-economic development strategy. Family problems are not reflected in the directions of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation in the medium term and the Concept of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation until 2020, approved by Order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated November 17, 2008 N 1662-r. However, within the framework of the “Main Directions of Activities of the Government of the Russian Federation for the Period until 2012,” the need to prepare and implement a program to promote family values is noted. In recent years, positive trends have emerged in the activities of the state in relation to the family. There has been an increased awareness in society of the need to take radical measures to strengthen the family, to implement family policy as an independent direction of social policy. At the same time, the country has not yet managed to achieve the necessary harmony and complexity in the implementation of state family policy. The current state family policy in its content and results is not adequate to the needs of both the family and the state. The country has not yet succeeded in creating a system of state family policy or developing its legal framework. The prevailing approach is that social, demographic and family policies are identified. The functions of family policy are not clearly defined and are extremely insufficiently included in the practical activities of government bodies. When solving economic, political, and other government problems, the rights and interests of the family are not deliberately studied and taken into account to the required extent. Many problems that arose during the transition to market relations (privatization, taxation, family entrepreneurship, lending, etc.) have not been resolved in the interests of the family. In the new conditions, the experience of family support accumulated in past years has not been rethought. There is an underestimation of the legal capacity of the family (to have rights and fulfill responsibilities), the need to give the family a full social status, and to ensure legal regulation of the family’s relations with the state and its institutions. The activities of government bodies have not reflected the most important issues related to the life of non-marginal families, assistance to them in the implementation of basic functions, and the development of the family economy, culture, and education. The tasks of conducting a social examination of decisions made in the regions from the point of view of their impact on the life of the family are underestimated. Programs often do not meet the requirements for this type of document. Their complexity is often expressed only in the combination of activities related to different areas of social policy. Often, programs do not present concepts and mechanisms for implementing planned measures. The policy pursued in the country as a whole does not correspond to the real state and development trends of the social institution of the family, the problems of which require special study, comprehensive scientific development of the features and trends of its functioning in modern conditions, scientific justification of the goals and objectives, functions, methods of social organization, specific types of activities , systems of social status roles, development and implementation of the concept and program of family policy. fertility risk large family Conclusion The problems of the modern family are among the most important and pressing. Its significance is determined by the fact that, firstly, the family is one of the main systems of society, the cornerstone of human life. Secondly, this system is currently experiencing a deep crisis, which has led to a drop in the birth rate, family instability, an increase in the number of divorces, an increase in the number of childless families, and the refusal to have an only child. The reasons for the crisis situation of families are economic and social. When forecasting family and marital relations, it should be borne in mind that the family is under the threat of not one, but several global trends that have affected our society (transition to the market, democratization of society, informatization of society, increasing personal potential, the growing role of women in public life ). In modern conditions, the social functions of the family are changing significantly. The development of the modern family is largely associated with the increasing role and importance of personal potential in family relationships. A new attitude is developing towards each family member as an individual. It is necessary for society, through the state, to create favorable conditions to maintain the stability of the modernized family system and to increase the authority of the family community in the public consciousness. To solve these problems, it is necessary to formulate new political approaches and a specific legislative framework for state family policy. An analysis of the current situation shows the need for state support for the young primary cell of society. At the same time, we are not talking about supporting family dependency, we are talking about creating a favorable space for the functioning of the family, conditions for the self-realization of its interests. Federal laws are needed, which should contain effective mechanisms that allow a young family to independently solve housing, social, financial and other problems. Families in crisis need special attention and require active intervention from not only social workers, but also law enforcement agencies, health care and educational institutions. And in this work, I studied the technologies of social work with families, and covered in detail the problems of family and family policy in modern Russian society. List of sources used 1.Alekseeva L.S. Working with the family as a strategic direction for the activities of social institutions // Domestic Journal of Social Work. - 2011. - No. 3. - P. 54-61. .Boldina M.A. Technologies of social work with young families // socio-economic phenomena and processes. - 2013. - No. 5. - P. 261-266. 3.Butrim N. A. Economic problems of young families in the Russian north (on the example of the Komi Republic) // Current issues of economic sciences. - 2010. - No. 14. - P. 214-217. .Velikzhanina K. A. Theoretical aspects of social work with large families // Proceedings of young scientists of Altai State University. - 2011.- No. 8.- P. 227-228. .Viktorova L. Infidelity and poverty are to blame for divorces. VTsIOM found out why families are falling apart [Electronic resource] // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. - URL: #"justify">6. Galasyuk I. N. Psychology of social work: textbook / I. N. Galasyuk, O. V. Krasnova, T. V. Shinina. - M.: Dashkov and K, 2013. - 304 p. 7. Grebennikov I.V. Reader on ethics and psychology of family life [Electronic resource] / I.V. Grebennikov, L.V. Kovinko // twirpx.com. - URL:<#"justify">9.Gritsai A.G. Families at risk in the structure of the typology of dysfunctional families // Bulletin of the Adygea State University. Series 3: Pedagogy and psychology. - 2009. - No. 3. - P. 29-33. .Davydov S.A. Sociology: lecture notes / Davydov S. A. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 159 p. 11.Elsukov A.N. Sociology: short course: textbook. manual for universities / Elsukov A. N. - 4th edition - Mn.: Tetra Systems, 2010. - 128 p. 12. Zborovsky G.E. General sociology [Electronic resource] / Zborovsky G. E. // Scientific electronic library. - URL:<#"justify">19.Noskova A.V. Social aspects of solving the demographic problem of low fertility / Noskova A.V. // Sociological studies. - 2012.- No. 8.- P. 60-71. .Pavlenok P. D. Technologies of social work with various population groups / P. D. Pavlenok, M. Ya. Rudneva. - M.: Infra-M, 2009. - 272 p. 21. Pashchenko A. S. Problems of defining the concept seven // Collections of conferences of the Scientific Research Center Sociosphere. - 2010. - No. 6<#"justify">25.Family science: textbook / ed. E. I. Kholostova, O. G. Prokhorova, E. M. Chernyak. - M.: Yurayt, 2012. - 403 p. .Social work / ed. Basova N.F. - M.: Dashkov i K, 2013 - 364 p. 27. Social work with a young family [Electronic resource] // twirpx.com. - URL:<#"justify">29.Sociology: textbook / ed. Lavrinenko V.N. - Ed. 4th. - M.: Prospekt, 2011. - 480 p. .Technologies of social work in various spheres of life ed. P. D. Pavlenok. - M.: Infra-M, 2009. - 379 p. 31.Tyurina E.I. Social work with family and children: textbook / E.I. Tyurina. - M.: Academy, 2009. - 288 p. 32.Frolov S.S. General sociology: textbook / Frolov S.S. - M.: Prospekt, 2011. - 383 p. .Kholostova E.I. social work with the family / Kholostova E.I. - 4th ed., revised. and additional - M.: Dashkov and K, Dashkov and K, 2010. - 244 p. .Kholostova E.I. Social work: textbook for bachelors. - M.: Dashkov and K, 2012. - 612 p. .Shishkov Yu. Challenges of Russian demography Shishkov Yu. International processes. - 2012. - No. 1. - P. 106-110.Similar work to - Technology of social work with families
Test-op Rosnik of parental attitude (ORR), proposed by A. Ya. Varga. V.V. Stalin, reveals the parental attitude of people seeking psychological help on issues of raising children and communicating with them. Parental attitude is understood as a system of various feelings towards the child, behavioral stereotypes practiced in communication with him. features of the perception of understanding the character and personality of the child, his actions.
Questionnaire structure: “acceptance-rejection” scale, “cooperation” scale, “symbiosis” scale, “authoritarian hypersocialization” scale, “little loser” scale. The questionnaire contains 61 statements.
Methodology for measuring parental attitudes and reactions.
Includes the three most well-known methods: “Analysis of Family Relationships” (AFR) by E. G. Eidemiller, “Test Questionnaire of Parental Attitudes” (ORT) by A.I.Vargs; Transitional Questionnaire “Measuring Parental Attitudes and Reactions” by E. Schaefer (PARJ) .
The ORO method is more focused on studying the characteristics of the parental position of the mother or father in relation to a particular child.The DIA technique identifies errors in the parental education of adolescents aged 14-18 years. QuestionnairePARJis aimed at studying the most general features of parental upbringing, the attitude of parents (primarily mothers) to different aspects of family life (family roles). In the methodologyPARJ23 aspect-signs were identified relating to different aspects of the parents’ relationship to the child and life in the family. Of these, 8 signs describe the attitude towards familyoh role and 15 concern parentsko children's relationships. These 15 signs are divided into three groups: 1st - optimal emotional contact; 2nd - excessive emotional distance with the child; 3rd - excessive concentration on the child.
Questionnaires can be used individually or in combination.
Rene Gilles technique (projective technique). Designed to study the sphere of interpersonal relationships between the child and family members, his perception of intrafamily relationships. The purpose of the technique is to study the child’s social adaptability and his relationships with others.
The technique is visual-verbal and consists of 42 pictures depicting children and adults, as well as test tasks. In addition to the qualitative assessment of the results, this technique allows you to present the research results quantitatively.
Graphic diagnostic methods:graphic tests “Drawing of a family”, “Constructive drawing of a person from geometric shapes”, “Tree”; a set of graphic tests: “Free drawing”, “Picture of the world”, “Self-portrait”; test “House - tree - person”.
The Marriage Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSS) was developed by V.V. Stalin, T.L. Romanova, G.P. Butenko. Designed for express diagnostics of the degree of marital satisfaction. It is a one-dimensional scale consisting of 24 statements.
Let us analyze the content of the main models of educational technologies used in working with families.
Adlerian model.Its tasks: to help parents understand their children, enter into their way of thinking, learn to understand the motives and meanings of their actions; to help each parent develop their own methods of raising a child in order to further develop him as an individual.
Principles of the model: a family is an organization whose activities are based on each member’s understanding of their tasks and limitations; feelings follow thought and behavior. Family members should work together to create warm and friendly relationships among themselves! people can only cooperate if they have equal rights, which means! that each family member must learn to respect the other as an equal person; Reason helps more in education than strength. Parents should avoid conflicts with children and strive to play the role of advisor and leader in their relationships with them; in upbringing it is necessary to follow the internal logic of relationships: parents should praise the child more often and already in early childhood feel the consequences of their actions and behavior; This way the child will understand how the world works.
Key concepts: “equality”, “cooperation”, “natural results”.
Educational-theoretical model.The educational and theoretical direction of parenting is based on the general theory of behaviorism! This model incorporates many different parenting programs.
The initial idea of the educational theoretical model is the idea that parents can teach children adequate behavior in society. To do this, parents only need to understand the principles of social learning themselves and apply them to their children.
The main goal of parenting is to prepare parents for diagnostic calculations. Parents must learn to evaluate and calculate behavior, including their own, but especially the behavior of children, in three cases: 1) whether the person is doing something unnecessary; 2) is he doing too little of something; 3) is it not difficult for a person to constantly do what is generally accepted and considered appropriate (support: states).
Directions of education: mastering social observation skills (diagnostic skills); teaching the principles of theory and the application of these principles in raising children; training in creating a specific assessment program to more effectively shape or change a child’s behavior.
Model of sensory communication.This model focuses on communication relationships and communication skillsThe task of parenting is to master three basic skills:
actively listen, i.e. the ability to hear what the child wants to tell his parents;
bring your own words to the child’s consciousness (the ability to express one’s own feelings is accessible to the child’s understanding);
use the principle of “both are right” when resolving controversial issues, i.e. the ability to speak with a child in such a way that both participants are satisfied with the results of the conversation.
Model based on transactional analysis.The main idea of this model is that the key to changing a child’s behavior lies in changing the relationship between the child and parents. The task of education: to teach how to operate with the concepts of transactional analysis when considering one’s behavior or relationships in the family. Teach parents to act in such a way that their behavior contributes to the development of a healthy and happy personality of the child.
Group consultation model.The fundamental idea of this model is that parental education should focus on practical things and consider primarily problematic situations.
The purpose of education: to strengthen parents’ self-confidence and help them by imparting certain skills in the practical upbringing of children.
EtcAndncipParenting tips: listen carefully to your child; avoid and prevent such actions and words that may offend or cause anger: express thoughts and feelings without aggressiveness.
Educational technologies used in the practice of educational institutions seem important.
1) informational - lectures, reports, meetings, conferences.
personality-oriented - psychological and pedagogical consultations; young parent school; family consultation; ps ihologo-p pedagogical workshop: disputes and discussions; business games.
Co socially -rehabilitation technologies
Social rehabilitation technologies include:
specially organized activities to master procedures for protection from the negative influences of the outside world (playing various options for the most common communications in real life: with a teacher, parents, seller, doctor, policeman, passerby, etc.);
modification of the social environment of a teenager with deviant behavior (role-playing games, simulation modeling, analysissituations);
holding events, business games that model normative relationships in a group, community, family;
playback, analysis of conflict situations in the family. Ways to prevent conflict situations in the family. Ways to resolve conflict situations in the family. Showing the influence of marital relationships on the actions and behavior of children;
psychotherapeutic technologies in working with children and their parents;
organizing and holding family holidays and events with the participation of children in need of social rehabilitation.
Modern research has shown that of paramount importancepersonal qualities of parents.The higher their demands on themselves, the culture of relationships, the more fertile the soil for the normal upbringing of a child.
More favorable conditions for upbringing are created when the spouses have egalitarian relations. Family lifestyle directly affects the results of education. The worse the mutual understanding between the spouses, the more tense their relationship with their children. Lack of mutual understanding between parents, inattention to children, falsehood and hypocrisy in relationships between older family members have a destructive effect on the formation of a child’s personality.
In a modern family, the role and importance of the mother in family education has increased significantly. In most cases, the mother is the leader, and she is known to devote much more time to raising and caring for children than a man. According to the results of the study, family workers spend 2 times less time on activities with children than their wives. Children's relationships with their mother are often more favorable than with their father. At the age of 3-7 years they share all their experiences with their father - 6.7% children, with mother - 28%; at 7-10 years old - 2.4 and 47.5%, respectively; at 10-14 years old - 5.0 and 49%; in 14-17 - 4.2 and 44.3%.
The intensity of help from grandparents depends on whether pensioners work or not. Adult children have ceased to be breadwinners for their elderly parents. Rather, on the contrary, financial independence from children and high vitality of older people are characteristic features of the modern family lifestyle. The desire for independence in older people is just as strong as in young people. Older people are characterized by the following attitudes: “not to depend on children”, “not to be a burden”, “not to turn into a nanny”, “not to isolate yourself only in family concerns”. For many retirees, the desire to continue working is sometimes stronger than the desire to help children and their families through their participation.Of particular interest is the issue of children's participation in domestic work.
Data shows that children in working-class families are actively involved in household chores. Older children do more than their fathers in many types of housework. They are more busy than mothers with washing dishes, cleaning the apartment, and doing laundry.
Children from so-called intelligent families participate in the household very little, from time to time, without permanent responsibilities. It has been established that the participation of children, especially sons, in household work largely depends on the participation of fathers in this work. The involvement of adolescents in household activities in the family is directly dependent on the degree of participation of fathers in household work.
Modern educators are increasingly aware that society must take into account the endless diversity of people's living conditions and provide them with the opportunity that the more fully the civilized principles of development of our society are revealed, the more pronounced the trend of democratization of the family will be. During the 21st century. The egalitarian family will become widespread and predominant, which will actualize the solution to the problem of using modern educational technologies of the school in working with the family.
The technology of social work with families is developing in the following directions. To overcome the low level of employment of labor resources, comprehensive regional programs are being created to create and preserve jobs, vocational training is being carried out in new, scarce professions and upgrading the skills of people left without work.
The timeliness of payment of wages in organizations of various forms of ownership is monitored. Such control is carried out by the state labor inspectorate.
State benefits for children are paid, first of all, such benefits are received by low-income families, children from such families are given free vouchers for summer recreation;
Particular attention is paid to disabled children. Boarding houses equipped with special equipment are built for them.
Needy citizens are provided with financial and in-kind assistance - in the form of free or discounted hot meals, free or discounted food packages, and provision of fuel for the winter.
Families in conflict are provided with psychological assistance. Families whose social functioning is difficult, i.e. need special attention from specialist social workers. families at social risk.
The causes of dysfunction in family relationships are varied:
- · economic - the cost of living is below the poverty line due to the excessive dependency burden on one working family member; low salary level or non-payment; unemployment; families of pensioners who, even with the maximum pension amount, remain below the poverty line;
- · antisocial - alcoholism of the family or one of its members, drug addiction, prostitution, child vagrancy, deviation;
- · psychological and ethical - cruelty, aggressiveness, rudeness, conflict, jealousy, adultery, selfishness, greed, imbalance of character;
- · medical - chronic infectious (eg tuberculosis) and venereal (eg syphilis) diseases, mental and sexual deviations (deviations), impotence or infertility of spouses.
The end of a long (but not always) period of disorganization of married life can be divorce.
The classification of motives and reasons for divorce is quite extensive, but the main ones can be identified: illness of one of the spouses; barren marriage; forced separation; physical abuse; betrayal, having another family; drunkenness (or other manifestations of deviation); "did not get along"; parental intervention; fell in love with (a) another (guy); deprivation of liberty; frivolous marriage; physical discrepancy.
The motivation for divorce behavior is extremely contradictory, not to mention the fact that the very motives for divorce contain both subjective and objective aspects (motives).
The subjective motives put forward by divorcing spouses are always varied. Most often, it is difficult to judge from them the real reasons for divorce, because... the real motive can often be replaced by another of the same kind.
A social work specialist must identify the real motive for divorce and take the necessary preventive actions.
Behind the motives that appear in divorce proceedings, there may be other motives that are completely ignored. Behind the peculiar cliché “they don’t get along” there may actually be a complex psychological incompatibility, but most often the term itself plays the role of a defense mechanism.
Divorce motivation has its own specifics and characteristics associated with the severity of chronic conflicts and contradictions between spouses, which result in dissatisfaction with the marital relationship.
There can be many reasons or pretexts for dissatisfaction. It all depends on what people expect from marriage, from the other partner, from family life [ibid.].
There have always been, are and will be discrepancies between ideal representatives and real relationships between people. This is the most common motive for dissatisfaction with marital life.
It is important for a specialist to understand not only the causes of divorce in order to prevent it, if possible, but also the ability to assist in overcoming its consequences.
Consequences of divorce:
- · most divorced men and women for a long time do not have the opportunity or desire to remarry;
- · a significant proportion of divorced women with children do not marry at all;
- · the childbearing potential of divorced women remains unrealized, which has an extremely negative impact on the fertility process;
- · as a result of divorces, the number of single-parent families in which a child is raised by one of the parents is increasing;
- · raising a child in a single-parent family increases the likelihood of deviant and delinquent behavior among adolescents;
- · divorce creates traumatic situations that can cause neuropsychic disorders in both parents and children;
- · The main problem of divorced spouses is loneliness.
The social worker must recognize the causes of dysfunction in family relationships and find effective ways to resolve problems [ibid.].
Technologies used in cases of family cruelty also include the organization of social shelters (hotels, shelters), which provide an opportunity for women and children (there are also shelters abroad for men subjected to domestic abuse) to wait out the crisis of the family situation in a safe place. But one cannot limit oneself to this type of help only, because unresolved family conflicts periodically escalate. Therefore, it is necessary to resort to medium-term assistance programs aimed at stabilizing the family, restoring its functional ties, normalizing relations between spouses, between parents and children, and the relationships of all these family members with others. Working with “difficult” children and adolescents involves diagnosing the family and school situation, identifying the child’s primary social network, and a mandatory analysis of his medical, social and intellectual-psychological status.
Based on the data obtained, a program is drawn up to work with the child’s family, resolve his school problems, and involve him in a more favorable social network. Such a program is carried out by a team of specialists, including a social worker, social teacher, psychologist, and sometimes a lawyer, with the possible involvement of law enforcement agencies, cultural and sports centers. In the course of such work, socio-psychological counseling of the family is carried out in parallel in order to eliminate mutual misunderstanding, unproductive types of family interaction, and conflict in relationships; socio-legal counseling, which allows the family to realize and learn to defend their rights in relationships with the social environment, primarily with the educational system; pedagogical consultation, as well as pedagogical assistance that helps to overcome the school difficulties of the child (children). Psychocorrectional measures, changes in the self-esteem of adults and children, the elimination of negative stereotypes and the development of a friendly and respectful attitude towards each other are also of great importance [ibid.].
When working with the family of an alcoholic, diagnosis involves identifying the main cause of alcohol abuse and accompanying circumstances. The causes of alcohol abuse may be a family predisposition, some features of personal status (personality instability, infantilism, addiction), traditions of the family or social environment, an illusory attempt to escape from problems.
A program of work with the drug addict, his family, and social environment is drawn up - these include therapeutic measures, consultations, psychotherapy and psychocorrection, possibly social and labor rehabilitation of the alcoholic himself and his family. Medical rehabilitation of alcohol abusers is ineffective. After rehabilitation, the patient returns to the same environment in which he developed the alcohol habit; the family, wittingly or unwittingly, contributes to the resumption of his former habit. If a person does not have a strong will, then his personal resources are not enough to prevent such tendencies.
Therefore, working with such a family involves creating motivation for the client and his family to lead an alcohol-free lifestyle and build a different system of relationships. Work with a conflicted family or a family in which the emotional climate is unsatisfactory begins, as a rule, after a statement from one of the spouses, although sometimes the reason for ascertaining serious intra-family problems may be the observations of a school or social teacher, a pediatrician, who notes the negative psychosomatic consequences of family tension for children's health. The difficulties encountered may be due to any of the above reasons. It should be noted that external difficulties - material and economic restrictions, uncertainty about the future, unemployment, etc. - as a rule, only aggravate family conflicts and reveal their true causes. Negative personality traits, primarily hysteria and psychasthenicity, compensated in the process of socialization or self-education, under the influence of external reasons can be re-actualized and become the cause of constant conflicts. Actively used methods include the so-called yes-therapy - an autodiagnostic and psychocorrective technique, with the help of which conflicting spouses rationalize their generally negative emotional and mental relationships [ibid.].
It must be said that awareness of a real family problem has not only diagnostic, but also therapeutic significance, since a detected and realized difficulty forces family members to reconsider their behavior.
Technologies for correcting family relationships are numerous; their choice is determined both by the circumstances of a specific social situation, including the characterological traits of clients, and by the personal qualities of the family therapy specialist himself, his tastes and preferences. Unfortunately, not all types of family dysfunction can be corrected, and this depends not only on the insufficiency or inadequacy of the efforts of a family work specialist. Sometimes it is possible with a high degree of probability to predict an unfavorable prognosis for the future of a family union even before its conclusion. Some types of problems are solvable in the early stages, but become more complex as resolution is delayed.
A social worker should not consider the situation hopeless, no matter how the relations between family members become strained, but it should be remembered that resolving family problems is, first of all, a matter of free choice and responsible behavior of the family members themselves. Without their willpower and perseverance, the most effective social technology will not succeed.
Thus, one of the main priorities in Russian social policy is social support for families with children. In any case, when an individual, family, or group is provided with services that prevent the loss of their social status, they speak of providing them with support.
Social support for the family is provided in two main forms: direct or indirect. At the same time, factors of indirect impact include socio-cultural, socio-ecological, educational policies, social support technologies, government laws and regulations. The state’s activities in the sphere of economics, legal framework, and healthcare have a direct impact on the family social support system. Targeted family support is provided by local authorities, churches and society. Direct regulation is aimed directly at the family or at the social processes occurring in it. Indirect - on living conditions and the immediate environment of the family. Consequently, family stability depends simultaneously on both external sociocultural influences and internal interactions. Moreover, it should be taken into account that all of the listed environmental factors are constantly changing, new factors arise with consequences that the family is not able to cope with on its own.
Modern problems in Russia, which are at the stage of transformations and reforms, have updated the development of technologies for social work with families. The use of a technological approach allows for the most effective and competent interaction between a social work specialist and a family [ibid].
Thus, each social work technology has its own limits of application. They are determined by a variety of objective and subjective circumstances. The task of a social worker, psychologist, teacher is to correctly draw the boundaries of the applicability of this technology to a given difficult life situation.
In the 21st century, what comes to the forefront of social work is no longer what is done and how, but by whom it is done. Technologies are open to development, but knowledge alone is far from enough. We need high-quality skills and abilities, synthesized with positive personal qualities. A qualified professional, who is a versatile, full-fledged personality, is the main and only subject capable of correctly drawing the boundaries of considering difficult life situations in which children find themselves.
A social service specialist, whether an organizer or a performer, builds certain models of his professional activity, achieving maximum rationalization of his own efforts. Understanding the tasks of social work is directly or indirectly embodied in certain procedures for the specialist’s actions and their sequence. However, the effectiveness of these algorithms is determined, first of all, by the situation, which develops as a set of formed objective conditions and subjective driving forces.
The scope of applicability of technology to a situation determines the technological potential of social work models, that is, the possible speed and feasibility of algorithmization of theoretical provisions. Only a professionally trained social worker is able to adequately form a model of his actions, discover the boundaries of the current situation and carefully “invest” social technology within these boundaries.
