What kind of paint is produced in Mexico. Practice-oriented problem-solving and creative tasks

Answer from Alvira0207 Izhevsk.[guru]
Dyes of animal origin have long been used in dyeing practice and some of them, such as the coloring agent contained in the snail Capillus brandaris and used for dyeing purple, were of great importance. Recently, however, only cochineal is used, and then in relatively limited quantities. Cochineal represents the dried female indivisibles of the insect Coccus Cacti, common in Mexico, Honduras and the Canary Islands. Insects accumulate on cacti, mainly Cactus opuntia, and are cleaned off with a spatula or knife, after which they are killed by steam or heating to high temperature and then dried. Depending on the time of collection and method of drying, there are several varieties of cochineal on sale.
Source: Gold Fund.

Answer from Ksenia Sh.™[guru]
Cochineal is a species of insect of the suborder Coccidae, from the females of which the red dye - carmine - is extracted.
People learned to obtain carmine back in ancient times. Already in biblical legends, red paint is mentioned, obtained from a red worm, which was previously used by the descendants of Noah. To obtain paint, several types of cochineal were used - oak scale insects, or kermes, living in the Mediterranean; Polish cochineal, which also lived on the territory of modern Ukraine. But the paint obtained from Ararat cochineal was considered to be of the highest quality. It is known that in the 3rd century. n. e. The Persian king presented the Roman emperor Aurelian with woolen fabric dyed crimson. The fabric became a landmark of the Capitol. Rome was full of rumors about the stunning color of the material, the colors for which were obtained from a certain “worm” bred in distant Armenia and called “karmir vortan”. The first written evidence of the Ararat cochineal dates back to the 5th century. The Armenian historian Lazar Parbsky wrote: “The roots of reed plants are not uselessly grown by the coveted plain of Ararat. They generate worms for decoration in red, which benefits lovers of income and luxury.” Ararat cochineal is also mentioned in medieval Arab chronicles, where it is said that in Armenia “kirmiz” dye is used for dyeing down and woolen products and exported to various countries. Paint was also used to color engravings in ancient books. To this day, in the Matenadar, a repository of ancient Armenian manuscripts, thick volumes are kept, the drawings and letters in which are made with paints of natural origin, including red carmine.
The Mexican cochineal (Dactylopius coccus) belongs to a different genus and even a different family than the Ararat cochineal (Porphyrophora hamelii). It is smaller in size, but has a number of advantages. Firstly, it produces brighter paint. Secondly, the life cycle of this insect is shorter, and in Mexico they get not one, but five generations per year, therefore, the overall “harvest” is much more abundant. Finally, the dried bodies of Mexican cochineal are practically free of fat, which makes it difficult to extract paint from Ararat cochineal. Mexican insects were collected from prickly pear cacti, killed, dried, and sold as shriveled “seeds.” It was no longer difficult to obtain paint from these “grains.” In Russia, the “seeds” of cochineal were called “office seed.”

And copied from there in agreement with the owner of this resource.

“As fate would have it, on one of my trips to the Canary Islands I was able to make a report about cochineal and listen to the opinions of local residents. An amazing dye that has been replaced by synthetics. Now in Spain, cochineal colonies breed on wild prickly pears for themselves, creating an ambience and decoration.

I wanted to collect information about the classic natural dye and I will be sincerely glad if you like my article.

Carmine (French carmin, from Arabic kirmiz - cochineal and lat. minium - cinnabar) is a red dye obtained from carminic acid produced by female cochineal insects. Carmine is registered as a food additive E120.

Carmine is obtained from cochineal - female insects of the cactus false scale insect Dactylopius coccus or Coccus cacti, cultivated on prickly pear cacti. Insects are collected in the period preceding the laying of eggs and carmine is extracted from them. Due to the laboriousness of collecting cochineal and making carmine, it is more expensive than other dyes. Use a stiff brush or blade to remove the cochineals from the plants. A powder is obtained from dried and crushed insects, and then treated with a solution of ammonia or sodium carbonate, and then filtered in the solution.

The coloring agent of carmine is carminic acid, a derivative of 1-hydroxyanthraquinone. The color of carminic acid depends on the acidity of the medium. At pH=3 (acidic environment) the color is orange, red at slightly acidic pH=5.5 and purple at pH=7. It forms complexes with metal cations such as aluminum, resulting in red diamond pigments. Lime is used to obtain delicate shades.

Cochineal: coccid biology and breeding

Cochineal - soft-bodied, flat, oval-shaped scale insects. The females are wingless, about 5 mm (0.2 in) long, and congregate in groups on the cactus. They sit motionless on the cactus and feed on its juice, which they suck out with their proboscis. After mating, the fertilized female increases in size and lays eggs. The larvae secrete a white waxy substance and cover their bodies with it to protect them from water and excess sunlight. Because of this substance, the outside of the cochineal appears white or gray, although both the adult insect and the larva produce a red pigment, so under the protective film the insect is dark purple in color. Adult males are different from females; they are smaller and have wings.

Cochineals spread at the larval stage (at the caterpillar stage). The larvae crawl onto food plants and produce long waxy threads. Then they rise to the edge of the cactus stems, the wind picks up the wax threads and thus the cochineals move through the air to other plants. Individuals carried by the wind become attached to a new plant for feeding and reproduction. Male larvae feed on the cactus until sexual maturity. Adult sexually mature males cannot feed and live only for the period necessary to fertilize the eggs. For this reason, they are rarely seen.

History 1. Cochineal dye and the Mayans

Cochineal dye was used by the Aztecs and Mayans in Central and North America. In the 15th century, the eleven cities conquered by Montezuma paid an annual tribute of 2,000 cotton blankets and 40 cochineal-dyed bags. During the colonial period, the production of cochineal (grana fina - fine-grained) developed rapidly. The main and almost only place of cochineal production in Mexico was the city of Oaxaca. Gradually it became the second most valuable Mexican export product after silver. The dye was used throughout Europe and was so highly prized that its price was regularly set on the commodity exchanges of London and Amsterdam.

Carmine and cochineal

After the Mexican War of Independence of 1810 - 1821, Mexico's monopoly on cochineal ended. Large-scale cochineal production began to emerge, especially in Guatemala and the Canary Islands. With the invention of alizarin red and other artificial dyes in Europe in the 19th century, demand for cochineal dropped sharply. The fall in demand caused a significant financial crisis in Spain, where cochineal production, a very large industry, now practically ceased to exist. Breeding these insects requires painstaking manual labor that cannot compete with modern production methods and even less can compete with the lower production costs of the new industry. In the 20th century, the production and sale of cochineal dye “tuna blood” (from the Mexican name for the fruit Opuntia) ceased and practically disappeared. The farming of cochineal scale insects was maintained primarily to preserve tradition rather than to satisfy demand.

The photographs illustrate cacti growing wild along the roads with colonies of cochineal on their fruits. Prickly pears grow everywhere on their own.

Story 2. The secret of the crimson kermes.

The history of such food coloring as cochineal, also known as carmine (E120), is reminiscent of a detective novel. People learned to receive it in ancient times. Biblical legends mention a purple dye derived from the red worm, which was consumed by the descendants of Noah. Indeed, carmine was obtained from cochineal insects, also known as oak mealybugs, or kermes. They lived in Mediterranean countries, were found in Poland and Ukraine, but the Ararat cochineal received the greatest fame. Back in the 3rd century, one of the Persian kings gave the Roman emperor Aurelian a woolen fabric dyed crimson, which became a landmark of the Capitol. Ararat cochineal is also mentioned in medieval Arab chronicles, which say that Armenia produces “kirmiz” paint, used for coloring down and woolen products and writing book engravings. However, in the 16th century, a new type of cochineal appeared on the world market - Mexican.

The famous conquistador Hernan Cortes brought it from the New World as a gift to his king. The Mexican cochineal was smaller than the Ararat cochineal, but it reproduced five times a year, there was practically no fat in its slender bodies, which simplified the paint production process, and the coloring pigment was brighter. In a matter of years, a new type of carmine conquered all of Europe, but the Ararat cochineal was simply forgotten for many years. The recipes of the past were restored only at the beginning of the 19th century by Archimandrite of the Etchmiadzin Monastery Isaac Ter-Grigoryan, also known as miniaturist Sahak Tsakhkarar. In the 30s of the 19th century, Academician of the Russian Imperial Academy of Sciences Joseph Hamel became interested in its discovery, devoting an entire monograph to “living dyes.” They even tried to breed cochineal on an industrial scale. However, the appearance of cheap aniline dyes at the end of the 19th century discouraged domestic entrepreneurs from tinkering with “worms”.

However, it quickly became clear that the need for cochineal dye would not disappear very soon, because, unlike chemical dyes, it is absolutely harmless to the human body, which means it can be used in cooking. In the 30s of the twentieth century, the Soviet government decided to reduce the import of imported food products and obliged the famous entomologist Boris Kuzin to establish the production of domestic cochineal. The expedition to Armenia was a success. A valuable insect has been found. However, its breeding was prevented by the war. The project to study the Ararat cochineal was resumed only in 1971, but it never came to the point of breeding it on an industrial scale.

What else is cooked using cochineal? Marmalade, candies like Chupa Chups, the famous Campari appetizer. The cochineal bug is used everywhere... But this is “that same taste familiar from childhood,” isn’t it?

The article uses materials about cochineal and prickly pear and carmine from the following sources:

Nested previews

Practice-oriented
problematic and creative tasks

TRADITIONS AND CUSTOMS OF THE PEOPLES OF THE WORLD FROM THE POINT OF CHEMISTRY

The article was prepared with the support of the information portal “Pro-Credity.Ru”. If you decide to understand all the intricacies of lending in Russia, then the information portal “Pro-Credity.Ru” will be an excellent assistant. On the website located at “http://pro-credity.ru/” you will find a large amount of useful information and also interesting articles. The information portal is constantly updated, so you will always find fresh material.

Problem 1. Why don’t the Chinese eat bread and butter?

Popular science information-hint. Food and health are so interconnected that a person’s life expectancy can depend on their daily diet. The Chinese don't eat bread and butter. Food containing incompatible proteins, fats and carbohydrates is poorly digestible.

According to the Chinese, such food (bread protein and fat) is dangerous to health.

Subject"Carbohydrates".

Exercise. Determine the molecular formula of the carbohydrate fructose if the mass fractions of elements in it are: C – 40.0%; N – 6.6%; O – 53.4%; M r = 180.

(Answer. C 6 H 12 O 6 . )

Creative task. Compare the physical properties of glucose and fructose in tabular form.

Ability to compare;

Creating your own intellectual product.

Educational product. Comparative table “Physical properties of glucose and fructose”.

Problem 2. Why do the Japanese live long?

Popular science information-hint. One of the reasons for longevity is the widespread consumption of seafood by the Japanese. The fats they contain are unsaturated. They contain a large number of essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins. Both essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins are essential components of the diet necessary to maintain human health and prolong life.

Subject“Amino acids.”

Exercise. Establish the relative molecular weight of the essential amino acid - tryptophan C 11 H 12 O 2 N 2.

(Answer. 204.)

Creative task. Prepare the message “Biological role of amino acids.”

Formed special chemical skills. Learn to solve problems to determine the molecular masses of substances.

Formed general educational skills.

The ability to use acquired knowledge in practical activities and everyday life to explain phenomena occurring in nature;

Ability to master basic types of public speaking.

Educational product. Message “Biological role of amino acids”.

Problem 3: Why is cow urine collected in India?

Popular science information-hint. In India, Indian yellow paint is obtained from the urine of cows that eat mango leaves. The yellow color of the paint is due to the presence of eixanthone.

Subject

Exercise. Establish the molecular formula of eixanthone if the mass fractions of the elements in it are: C – 68.42%; N – 3.51%; O – 28.07%; M r = 228.

(Answer. C 13 H 8 O 4.)

Creative task. Create a screenplay for the popular science film “Natural Dyes.”

Formed general educational skills.

The ability to use acquired knowledge in practical activities and everyday life to explain phenomena occurring in nature;

Ability to correctly express thoughts;

Educational product. Screenplay for a popular science film.

Problem 4. Why don’t the Kuna Indians get sick?

Popular science information-hint. For the Kuna Indians living on the San Blas Islands, off the coast of Panama, who drink 3-5 cups of epicatechin-rich cocoa a day, high blood pressure and other manifestations of cardiovascular diseases are completely uncommon. It is epicatechin, a flavonoid found in cocoa, that provides improved cardiovascular health with regular consumption of certain types of cocoa products.

Subject“Oxygen-containing organic compounds.

Exercise. Establish the molecular formula of epicatechin if the mass fractions of elements in it are: C – 62.07%; N – 4.83%; O – 33.10%; M r = 290.

(Answer. C 15 H 14 O 6.)

Creative task. Write step-by-step instructions for your deskmate to deduce the molecular formula of a substance based on its composition.

Formed special chemical skills. Learn to solve problems to establish molecular formulas of substances based on the mass fractions of elements.

Formed general educational skills.

The ability to use acquired knowledge in practical activities and everyday life to explain phenomena occurring in nature;

Create your own text.

Educational product. Compiled instructions-hint.

Task 5. Why is the Ganges River sacred to Indians?

Popular science information-hint. Tourists who come to India are required to swim in the waters of the “sacred Ganges”. Thousands of people bathe on the banks of the Ganges every day, and not a single infectious disease pathogen has been detected. This is due to the fact that at the mouth of the Ganges River there are deposits of native silver; in the coastal zones of the river there are the largest silver deposits in India. Therefore, the Ganges water contains silver ions, which have a bactericidal effect.

Subject“Structure of the Atom.”

Exercise. Write the electronic formula for the silver ion Ag +, which has a bactericidal effect.

(Answer. 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 0 4d 10 .)

Creative task. Compose a mini-guide “Silver compounds in nature.” The manual should be attractively designed with photographs of chemical phenomena and illustrations of substances.

Formed special chemical skills. Strengthen the ability to compose the electronic formula of an ion.

.

Ability to establish cause-and-effect relationships;

Ability to process text information using the Internet.

Educational product. Mini-guide “Silver compounds in nature.”

Problem 6. Why do the Vietnamese eat soil?

Popular science information-hint. Specially “smoked” pieces of earth as a “delicacy” are sold in many bazaars in Vinh Phuc province and other areas of Northern Vietnam. Chemical analysis revealed a lot of iron and manganese in soil samples.

Subject“Structure of the Atom.”

Exercise. Write the electronic formula of the iron atom.

(Answer. 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 6 .)

Creative task. Prepare a slide tour “Properties and uses of iron.”

Developed special chemical skills. Strengthen the ability to compose the electronic formula of an atom.

Developed general educational skills and abilities.

The ability to use acquired knowledge in practical activities and everyday life to explain the essence of phenomena occurring in everyday life;

Be able to establish cause-and-effect relationships;

The ability to independently create an algorithm for solving creative problems;

Ability to process text information using computer capabilities;

Educational product. Prepared slide tour “Properties and uses of iron”.

Problem 7. Why is fugu fish considered a delicacy in Japan?

Popular science information-hint. A dangerous dish - “fugu fish” - is prepared from puffer fish (Japanese name - fugu). Many parts of its body are extremely poisonous - the heart, liver, bones and caviar. However, fish meat is edible if it is thoroughly washed and separated from toxic parts. The Japanese like to play with death and eat this dangerous dish as a delicacy. The substance tetrodotoxin contained in fugu is a deadly nerve poison. In microscopic doses, it causes a person to feel a sense of inner comfort, mild euphoria, and warmth throughout the body. A fugu cook must study for at least three years, but misfires still happen.

Subject“Nitrogen-containing organic compounds.”

Exercise. Establish the molecular formula of tetrodotoxin if the mass fractions of elements in it are: C – 41.38%; N – 5.33%; O – 40.12%; N – 13.17%; M r = 319.

(Answer. C11H17N3O8.)

Creative task. Invent and propose warning signs for Japanese restaurants: “Caution, fish contains poison!”

Formed special chemical skills. Learn to solve problems to establish molecular formulas of substances based on the mass fractions of elements.

Developed general educational skills and abilities.

The ability to use acquired knowledge in practical activities and everyday life to explain phenomena occurring in nature;

Ability to correctly express thoughts;

The ability to independently create an algorithm for solving creative problems.

Educational product. Warning signs-drawings.

Problem 8. Why do Nanais rarely suffer from dysbacteriosis?

Popular science information-hint. In northern latitudes, local residents use lichens (parhelia, alpine cladonia) to cleanse the intestines. They contain a powerful antibiotic – usnic acid. The mechanism of action of lichen in the human body is as follows: lichens contain many mucus-forming substances that perfectly absorb toxins and remove them from the human body. By enveloping the mucous membrane, they create a protective layer, which means they create conditions for the rapid healing of ulcerative and erosive defects (for example, with dysentery).

Subject“Oxygen-containing organic compounds.”

Exercise. Determine the molecular formula of usnic acid if the mass fractions of the elements in it are: C – 62.79%; N – 4.65%; O – 32.56%; M r = 344.

(Answer. C 18 H 16 O 7.)

Creative task. Formulate a plan-program for a new journal in chemistry “Chemical composition of medicinal plants”.

Formed special chemical skills. Learn to solve problems to establish molecular formulas of substances based on the mass fractions of elements.

Formed general educational skills.

The ability to use acquired knowledge in practical activities and everyday life to explain phenomena occurring in nature;

Express thoughts competently;

The ability to independently create an algorithm for solving creative problems.

Educational product

Problem 9. Why in Rus' did they add cranberries to sauerkraut?

Popular science information-hint. “Swamp grapes” – cranberries – contain a lot of benzoic acid, an excellent antimicrobial agent. Therefore, cranberries are almost impossible to rot. People have long noticed this and add cranberries to sauerkraut.

Subject“Carboxylic acids.”

Exercise. Determine the molecular formula of benzoic acid if the mass fractions of the elements in it are: C – 68.85%; H – 4.92%; O – 26.23%; M r = 122.

(Answer. C 7 H 6 O 2.)

Creative task. Prepare material on the use of benzoic acid in the food industry in the form of an advertising poster.

Formed special chemical skills. Learn to solve problems to establish molecular formulas of substances based on the mass fractions of elements.

Formed general educational skills.

The ability to use acquired knowledge in practical activities and everyday life to explain phenomena occurring in nature;

Ability to work with various sources of information;

Creating your own creative product.

Problem 10. Why have goiter patients in China been treated with the ashes of sea sponges for a long time?

Popular science information-hint. Taking small doses of iodine compounds daily helps get rid of goiter. Sea sponges and seaweed are rich in iodine. Therefore, in China and Japan, goiter patients have long been treated with the ashes of sea sponges.

Subject“Halogens.”

Exercise. Calculate how many grams of seaweed need to be eaten daily in order to meet the body's daily need (800 mg) for iodine. In 100 g of seaweed, the iodine content is 250 mg.

(Answer. 320 g per day.)

Creative task. Prepare the message “The presence of iodine in nature.”

Formed special chemical skills. Learn to solve calculation problems.

Formed general educational skills.

The ability to use acquired knowledge in practical activities and everyday life to explain phenomena occurring in nature;

The ability to independently acquire knowledge using various sources of information (including chemistry websites and Internet resources) and apply it in everyday life;

Creating your own text;

Mastering the main types of public speaking.

Educational product. Prepared message “The presence of iodine in nature.”

Problem 11. Why do Mexicans breed insects on cactus plantations?

Popular science information-hint.

As a result of drying and grinding killed female insects of the species Coccus cacti they obtain cochineal (carmine) - one of the most beautiful and most durable, but also the most expensive dyes for silk and wool. Currently, the dye is used in cosmetics and for coloring food and drinks (Coca-Cola). The coloring principle of cochineal is carminic acid.

Subject“Carboxylic acids.”

Exercise. Determine the molecular formula of carminic acid if the mass fractions of the elements in it are: C – 53.66%; N – 4.06%; O – 42.28%; M r = 492.

(Answer. C 22 H 20 O 13.)

Creative task. Formulate a plan-program for a new journal in chemistry “Chemical composition of medicinal plants”.

Formed special chemical skills. Learn to solve problems to establish molecular formulas of substances based on the mass fractions of elements.

Formed general educational skills.

The ability to use acquired knowledge in practical activities and everyday life to explain phenomena occurring in nature;

Ability to correctly express thoughts;

The ability to independently create an algorithm for solving creative problems.

Educational product. Plan-program of a new journal in chemistry “Chemical composition of medicinal plants”.

The ending follows

Many of you probably don’t even know what some food colorings are made of. Yes, there are dyes that are made from a plant base, recently more often from synthetic dyes, but this dye, which is known as carmine, is actively added to soda, sausages, lipstick, and other cosmetics, and it also dyes fabrics. And this dye is made from small cochineal beetles that live and feed on cacti.

For those who are not afraid to find out the coloring for your sausage, I advise you to read it. I don’t recommend it to other sausage lovers)

This bug lives thousands of kilometers from us, across the seas and oceans, in short, in South America, which is its homeland. That's how unsightly he looks. Who would have thought that carmine is made from this?

The history of breeding cochineal for carmine has a long history. The famous Aztec ruler Montezuma took tribute from the cities he conquered in the form of 2,000 decorated blankets and 40 bags of cochineal.

This is how cochineal was collected from cacti in ancient times. Essentially nothing has changed since then.

During the colonial period, cochineal production grew rapidly, and in Mexico of the period it was the second most valuable export product after silver.

This is how cochineal is now harvested on some farms in Peru, the largest producer of carmine in the world.

Soon after the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, it began to be exported to Spain, and in the 17th century the goods even reached India.

The dye was highly valued in Europe, and its price was quoted on the commodity exchanges of London and Amsterdam. After the Mexican War of Independence in 1810-1821, the Mexican monopoly on cochineal came to an end. Large-scale cochineal production arose in Guatemala and the Canary Islands. Cochineal was also cultivated in Spain and North Africa.

Demand for cochineal fell sharply with the introduction of many other artificial dyes discovered in Europe in the mid-19th century, causing carmine production to cease to exist in Spain.

Cute bug, isn't it?

The delicate manual labor required to breed the insect could not compete with the modern methods of modern industry. The dye "tuna blood" (from the Mexican name for the prickly pear fruit) fell into disuse and the cochineal trade almost completely disappeared during the 20th century. Breeding cochineal insects was done primarily to preserve tradition rather than to satisfy any need.

But recently, cochineal has again become in demand. One reason for its popularity is that many synthetic red dyes have been found to be carcinogenic. And cochineal is 100% natural.

Now let’s see what modern carmine production and cochineal cultivation look like.
Cochineal beetles, which live mainly in Central and South America, are bred on only one type of cactus, the prickly pear.

Instead of going into the field every day to collect insects, workers simply pick off the cactus leaves on which the cochineal lives.

These leaves are kept inside the greenhouse where the bugs continue to multiply.

Cochineal gets its color from the bright red berries of the cactus.

After the bugs have found the most delicious place, they bite into it and do not move from their place.

Since the bugs stick tightly to the leaf, workers have to use stiff brushes to shake them off the prickly pear leaves. It takes about 70,000 insect carcasses to get one pound of dye.

Cochineal is whitish-gray in appearance because it is coated with a waxy coating to protect it from the sun and moisture loss. However, inside it is dark red.

This is what happens if you crush one of the bugs. By the way, only females are used for dyes; males look different - they have wings and do not stay long on cacti - they fertilize and fly away.

As I said earlier, cochineal has a long history of use by the indigenous peoples of North, Central and South America, primarily for dyeing fabrics.

After the bug has grown, the best specimens are selected and dried. Soon they will all be crushed and ground into powder.

Carmine, which is obtained after processing, can take on several different shades; for this, it is diluted with water. This makes it attractive for use for a variety of purposes.
Peru currently exports most of the dye; the country produces about 200 tons every year. Growing cochineal is even more profitable than growing crops.

By the way, cochineal, or rather a relative of this insect, has also been grown in Armenia for a long time to produce carmine. In England, cochineal was used to dye fabric used to make traditional army uniforms. In microscopy it is used for staining histological preparations.

In industry it is used as a food additive (as a dye) and as a perfume pigment. Carmina extract, liquid - for all types of sausages with a small replacement of meat raw materials, as well as for injections of whole muscle delicacies. Areas of application for carmine dye: meat processing industry, dairy, confectionery, fish processing industry, alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks.

That seems to be all, now you know) Look at the labels in the store, you might suddenly find cochineal in your favorite product, a pleasant surprise).

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